SULPHURIC

SULPHURIC
ACID
ACID

To remove metal
oxides from metal
surface
Manufacture
synthetic fibres

Manufacture paint
pigments

The Uses of Sulphuric

Acid in
Daily life

Manufacture
pesticides

Manufacture
fertiliser

Manufacture
detergents
As the electrolyte in
lead-acid
accumulators

Environmental Pollution by Sulphur

Dioxide
Affects the
respiratory
system

Burning of fossil
fuels
Fossil fuels such as
petroleum.
It contain sulphur.
Sulphur dioxide is
produced when fossil
fuels are burned

Burning of
sulphur in
industrial area

Sulphur is a
poisonous and acidic
gas.
It causes coughing,
chest pains,
shortness of breath,
lung diseases and
bronchitis

The contact process

and the burning of
coals or fuels
produce high sulphur
dioxide content

Pollution of
Sulphur Dioxide

Effects of Acid
Rain
Sulphur dioxide gas dissolve in atmospheric water to produce sulphurous
acid, H2SO3 and sulphuric acid,H2SO4. These acids causes acid rain.

s
Acid rain
s
corrode
e
t
e
concr
and
building
metal
es
structur

e
crease th
in
in
ra
id
Ac
itable
soil, unsu
acidity of
oys the
and destr
th
w
ro
g
for
lants.
roots of p
Acid rain rea
cts with
minerals in th
e soil
to produce sa
lts
which are le
ashed
out of the to
p soil;
essential nu
trition for
plants growth
are
depleted (pla
nts die
of malnutritio
n and
diseases)

e
ase th
e
r
c
n
i
e
in
Acid ra f water in lak
o
acidity s, causes
er
and riv rganisms die
o
aquatic rbs the
tu
and dis m
e
t
ecosys
2

Stage
1

Stage
2

Stage
3

The Industrial Process in Manufacture of

Sulphuric Acid

Stage 1

Production of sulphur dioxide

gas, SO2
Burning of sulphur
in dry air in the furnace

S(s) + O2(g)
SO2(g)

Burning of metal sulphides such as zinc

sulphide also produces sulphur dioxide.
The sulphur dioxide is mixed with excess air.
The mixture is then died and purified to
remove impurities such as arsenic compounds.
Arsenic compounds found in sulphur will
poison the catalyst in the converter , make the
catalyst ineffective

Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur

trioxide, SO3

Stage 2

Mixture of sulphur dioxide and excess dry

oxygen is passed through a converter.
Sulphur dioxide is oxidised to sulphur trioxide.
98%conversion from sulphur dioxide to sulphur
trioxide is achieved under condition:
i. Catalyst : vanadium (V) oxide,V2O5
ii. Pressure: 1 atmosphere
iii. Temperature:450C 550C

Stage
3

Production of sulphuric
acid
In the absorber, sulphur
trioxide is dissolve
in concentrated sulphuric acid to produce
oleum , H2S2O7 a viscous liquid.
Oleum is then diluted with equal volume of
water to produce concentrated H2SO4 (98%)

Flow Chart of Contact

Process
Sulphu
r

Sulphur
Dioxide, SO2

Sulphur

trioxide , SO3

Oleum
,
H2S2O7

Sulphuric
acid , H2SO4

AMMONIA
AMMONIA AND
AND ITS
ITS
SALT
SALT

Prevent coagulation of
latex
Detergen
ts

Synthetic
fertiliser

Nitric
acid

THE USES OF
AMMONIA IN
INDUSTRY
Synthetic
fabric

Cooling
agent

Explosive
(TNT)
Paint and
colouring

The Manufacture of Nitrogenous

Fertiliser
Ammoniu
m
sulphate

Ammoniu
m nitrate

2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
(NH4)2SO4(aq)

NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq)
NO3(aq)

Ammonia reacts with

sulphuric acid through
neutralisation to produce
ammonium sulphate

Ure
a

NH4

Ammonia reacts with nitric

acid through neutralisation
to produce ammonium
nitrate

2NH3(g) + CO2(g)
CO(NH2)2(s)+H2O(l)

Ammonia reacts with carbon

dioxide at temperature of
200C and pressure of 200
atmosphere to produce urea

Ostwald
process

In the Ostwald process, ammonia is

concerted into nitric acid by three stages
Nitrogen
monoxide is
further oxidised
to nitrogen
dioxide

Ammonia is oxidised to
nitrogen monoxide gas
in the presence of
platinum as catalyst
4NH3(g) +5O2(g)
6H2O(g)

4NO(g) +

2NO(g) + O2(g)
2NO2(g)

Stage 2

Stage 1

Nitrogen dioxide
is dissolve in
water to produce
nitric acid
2NO(g) + H2O(l)
HNO2(aq)

HNO3(aq) +

Stage 3

Very
soluble in
water

The
properties
of ammonia

Colourless and
pungent gas

Change red
litmus
paper blue

The Industrial Process in the Manufacture of

Ammonia

The
nitrogen
and
hydrogen
gases are
combined

The gases are

compressed at
200
atmosphere,
450C

The gases
pass through
the converter.
Iron is used
as a catalyst

Ammonium
fertilisers

Nitrogen is absorbed by plants in the

form of soluble nitrates, NO3- to produce
protein

Ammonium fertilisers are used to replace

elements in soil used up by plants.
Ammonium ions, NH4+ can be converted

into nitrate ions by bacteria living in the

soil.

The fertiliser with higher percentage of

nitrogen is more effective and this can be
determined
as below:
Percentage
of nitrogen
by weight

The gases are

cooled down
until the
ammonia
condenses

The ammonium
stored as a liquid
under pressure. The
excess hydrogen and
nitrogen gases are
recycled to continue
the reaction

Alloys
Alloys

Ductile
Ductile is
the ability
to be
stretched

Good
conductors
The physical
properties of pure
metal

Malleable
Malleable is
the ability
of a metal
to be shape

High melting and boiling

point

The strong force of

attraction between
metal atoms requires
high energy to
overcome it. Hence,
metal have high
melting points.

High density
In solid state, the
atoms in pure metal
are orderly arrange
and closely packed,
causes pure metal
to have high density

Meaning and Purpose of Making

Alloys

To prevent
corrosion
Pure metal such
iron and tin are
easily corrode in
polluted , damp or
acidic air
Alloying can
prevent metals
from corrosion
due to the
formation of
oxide layer on the
surface of the
metal

Aim of
makin
g
alloys

To increase the
strength and
hardness
Adding the little carbon
to iron metal produces
steel which is very hard
alloy of iron
Adding magnesium to
aluminium metal
produces an alloy called
Magnalium
Adding tin copper metal
produces bronze. Bronze
is an alloy harder than
tin and copper

To improve
the
appearance
Pure metal can rust and tarnish
easily because of the formation of
metal oxides
Alloying can maintain the lustre on
the surface of metal

75% copper + 25%

nickel

Hard-wearing

Attractive silver
colour and shiny

Does not rust

Cupro-nickel
Bronze
88% copper + 12% tin

Harder than brass

Does not corrode

Does not rust

Sonorous

Attractive
appearance

Easily shaped

Manganese
steel
(Hadfield steel)
85% iron +
13.8%
manganese +
1.2% carbon

Very hard

75% copper + 25% zinc

Harder than copper

Does not corrode

Shiny and strong

malleable

74% iron +18% nickel

Does not rust

Hard

Strong

Withstand corrosion
better than carbon
steel

Brass

The
uses
of
alloys

Duralumin
95% aluminium + 3%
copper + 1% mangan
+ 1% manganese

Hard

Does not corrode

Light but strong

Stainless steel
Steel
99.5% iron + 0.5%
carbon

Very hard

strong

Pewter
97% tin + 3%
antimony and
copper

Shiny and
attractive
appearance

Does not
corrode

Easily cast

Synthetic
Synthetic
polymers
polymers
Natural
polymers
Carbohydra
tes

Protei
n

Monomer
amino
acid
e.g. in muscles, skin, silk,
hairs, wool and furs

Monomer
glucose
e.g. in starch and
cellulose

Natural
rubber

Monomer
isoprene
(2-methylbuta-1,3diene
e.g.in latex

Synthetic polymers and their

uses
Synthetic rubber
Styrene-butadiene
rubber(SBR)
(monomers: styrene &
butadiene
Neoprene (monomers :
chloroprene)
Butyl rubber(monomers:
isoprene)

Synthetic fibres
Nylon (monomers : diamine
and dicarboxylic acid)
Terylene (monomers: diol
and dicarboxylic acid

Thermoplastic
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
(monomers: chlorothene)
Polythene (monomer :
ethene)
polystyrene (monomers:
phenylethene)
Polypropene (monomers :
propene)
Prespex (monomers : methyl
metacrylate)

Issues on the use of synthetic polymer in

daily life
Able to resist
corrosion

Strong and light

Syntheti
c
polymer
Easily moulded or
shaped
and be coloured

Can be made to
have special
properties

Chea
p

Air pollution: caused by burning of

plastic
E.g. burning of PVC will produce dioxin.
Dioxin will destroy human immune
system, reproductive system and
nervous system

Effect of disposal of synthetic

polymer
Soil pollution:

Plastic thrown on land lift up

our living spaces
Destroys the beauty of
environment
Plastic also causes the soil
not suitable for planting
because plastics inhibit the
growth of root

Water pollution:

Plastics will stop the flow of

river water and drains. This
will cause flash floods.
Plastics also causes the death
or marine organisms if they
mistaken the plastics as food

11

Biodegrada
ble

Recyc
le

Take part in
plastic recycling
activities by
sending
recyclable
products to
recycle centers

Buy recyclable or
biodegradable
products with
little packaging
Use
biodegradable
plastics which can
be decomposed
by
microorganisms

Replaceme
nt

Use others
materials to
replace plastic
products. For
example, use
paper bags instead
of plastic bags

Ways to dispose synthetic polymers

in order to preserve the
environment

Converti
on

Convert used
products made from
synthetic polymers
into something
useful. For example,
used tyres can be
converted into
playground
equipment.

Use own plastic

products

Reuse

Bring our food

container,
shopping bag and
basket

Reuse goods that

are usually
thrown away. For
example, plastic
containers and
bags can be
made into
decorative item

12

Glass
Glass and
and
ceramics
ceramics

Impermeable
to liquid

Transparent

Properties
of glass

Electrical
insulator

Hard but
brittle

Heart
Chemically
insulators
inert
Properties, composition and uses of different
types of glass
Name of
glass
Fuse glass(99%
SiO2 + 1% B2O3)

Properties

High melting point

(1700C)
Resistant to thermal
shock
High temperature and
chemical durability
Transparent to ultraviolet
and infrared light
Difficult to be made into
different shapes

Example of
uses
Telescope mirrors
Laboratory glass
wares
Lenses
Optical fibres
Arc tubes in lamps

Soda-lime glass
(70%SiO2 +
15% Na2O +
10% CaO + 5%
others)

Low melting
point( 7000C)
Does not withstand heat
Cracks easily with sudden
temperature chances
Easy to mould and shape
Transparent to visible light
Good chemical durability
High thermal expansion
coefficient

Borosilicate
glass (80% glass
SiO2 + 15% B2O3
+ 3% Na2O +
1% Al2O3)

Quite high melting point

(800C)
Does not crack easily with
sudden change in
temperature
Breaks easily
More resistant to chemical
attack
Does not break easily

Laboratory
apparatus
Cooking utensils
Electrical tubes
Glass pipelines

Low melting point (600C)

Crystals

Lead glass (55%

Bottles
Window panes
Flat glass
Light bubbles
Industrial and art
objects

13

Extremely hard
and strong but
brittle
Has a very high
melting point

Properties of
ceramics

Inert to chemicals
(withstand
corrosion)

Able to
withstand or
resists
compression
Good insulators
of electric and
heat

The uses of improved glass and ceramics for

specific purpose
Glass optical fibre

Glass - ceramic

A pure glass thread that

conducts light

The fibre can transmit massage

modulated onto light waves

Used in medical instruments,

local area networks (LAN) and
control board displays

Fibre optic cables are much

lighter and thinner than the
metal cables.
Conducting
It can carry
glass mode data than
metal cables

A type of glass that can

conduct electricity
Produced by embedding a thin
layer of conducting material in
glass
Adding a layer of indium
tin(IV) oxide (ITO) acts as an
electrical conductor. Used in
the making of LCD
Another type is produced
embedding thin gold threads
in glass to conduct electric
current
and superconductor
produce heat
Ceramic
Used in windows of aircraft

Rearrange its atoms into

regular patterns by heating
glass to form strong materials
It
can
withstand
high
temperature, chemical attacks,
better mechanical strength
and better electrical insulators
compared to normal glass
Used
in
tiles,
cookware,
rockets and engine blocks

Photochromic glass

A type of glass sensitive to light

intensity
The glass darken when exposed
to sunlight but becomes clear
when light intensity decrease
This
is
produced
when
dispersion of silver bromide,
AgBr or silver chloride, AgCl
and copper (I) chloride is added
to normal glass
Used in windows, sunglasses
and instrument control

Superconductors can conducts electricity at low

temperature without resistance and without loss of
electrical energy as heat
Used to make light magnates, electric motors and electrical
generators

14

Appreciating
Appreciating various
various synthetic
synthetic
industrial
industrial

Handling synthetic
material and their
Sources wastes
of materials are
limited so we should not
waste them and use them
carefully
We should minimise the use
of
non-biodegradable
synthetic materials or make
them biodegradable
A
responsible
and
systematic
method
of
handling
should
be
practiced

Justify the importance of

synthetic materials in
daily

New
needslifeand
new

problems will stimulate the

development
of
new
synthetic materials
For example:
New plastic composite
materials will replace
metal to make a
stronger and lighter
car body
New superconductor
made from composite
materials
are
developed.

The importance of
doing research and
development
The understanding of the
interaction among materials enables new

materials to be developed
New materials is created to improve our daily life

15

Composite
Composite
material
material
Composite
materials
Reinforced
concrete

compone
nt
concrete

Properties
of
component

steel

Properties of
composite

Hard but
brittle
Low tensile
strength

Strong in
tensile
strength
Expensive
Can corrode

Superconductor

Copper
(II)oxide
Yttrium
oxide
Barium
oxide

glass

Transparent
Not sensitive
to light

Silver
chloride
or silver
bromide

Sensitive to
light

Glass with
low
refraction
index

Photochromic
glass

Fibre optics

Fibre glass

Insulators of
electricity

glass

Polyester
plastic

Transparent
Does not
reflect light
rays

Glass with
higher
refractive
index

High density
Strong but
brittle
Non-flexible

Light
Flexible

Uses of
composite

Stronger
Higher tensile
strength
Does not corrode
easily
Cheaper
Can be moulded
into any shape
Can withstand
very high apply
forces
Can support
very heavy loads

Conducts
electricity
without
resistance when
cooled by liquid
nitrogen

Reduce
refraction of
light
Control the
amount of light
passes through
it automatically
Has the ability to
change colour
and become
darker wen
exposed to
ultraviolet light

Low material
cost
Reflect light rays
and allow to
travel along the
fibre
Can transmit
electronic data
or signals, voice
and images in
the form of light
along the fine
glass tubes at
great speeds

Transmit data
using light
wave in
telecommuni
cation

High tensile
strength
Moulded and
shaped
Inert to
chemicals
Light strong

Car bodies
Helmets
Skies
Rackets16
furniture

Construction
of roads
Rocket
launching
pads
High-rise
buildings

Magnetically
levitated train
Transformers
Electric cable
amplifier
Information
display
panels
Light detector
device
Car
windshields
Optical lens