Engineering Drawing
By : Bisrat Girma
Mechanical Engineering Department
21/Nov /2008
Objective of the chapter
Explain the advantage of graphical
language for technical communication
Able to care and properly handle drawing
instruments
Explain the meaning of lines, symbols
Enable to draw geometric objects to
standards
Contents
Part one
Introduction
Course overview
Drawing as a means of communication
Graphic language or drafting
Types of drawing
Care and use of drawing tools
Contents (contd)
Part one
Types of lines
Lettering
Co-ordinate system
Geometric construction
Bisecting ,trisecting line and angle
Dividing a line and an angle in to a number of parts
Drawing different polygons
Contents (contd)
Part one
Geometric construction
Drawing special types of curves
Circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola and involutes
Drawing tangent lines
Drawing tangent curves ( internal and external)
Revision
Practical exercises
Training aids
PowerPoint slides prepared
Reference books
Engineering drawing and Graphic technology
by French
Engineering drawing by Luzadder
Training aids (contd)
Any available drawing book
Standard training package (movie)
Drawing instruments
Introduction
Drawing as a means of
communications
Indefinite needs - human nature
New product
Research
Development
Design
Production, construction, and Operation
It needs communication
Drawing as a means of
communications
Exchange of ideas needs means of
communication. As the idea becomes
technical the usual means of communication
(talk or listen, read or write) will be less
exact. For this reason visual language is
developed to be technical and accurate
means communication. This visual language
in broad term is called graphic language. We
call it universal language of industry when it
is used for production purpose
Drawing as a means of
communications
The v-block is to be made of cast iron and
machined on all surfaces. The overall sizes are
two and one-half inches high, three inches
wide, and six inches long. A v-shaped cut
having an included angle of 90 is to be made
through the entire length of the block. The cut
is to be made with the block resting on the three
inch by six inch surface. The v-cut is to begin
one-quarter inch from the outside edges. At the
bottom of the v-cut there is to be a relief slot
one-eighth inch wide by one-eighth inch deep.
Drawing as a means of
communications
Drawing as a means of
communications
How Would You Describe This?
In teams of two, describe using only words
How effective is this approach?
Graphic Language or Drafting
It is a form of communication that is technical
and very exact.
It is visual language
Utilize line and symbols agreed all over the
world.
Graphic communication written or drawn
Graphic Language or Drafting
The most common names associated with
the graphic languages are:
Drafting : represent all graphic languages.
Technical Drawing : Any drawing which
expresses technical ideas, including sketches,
instrument drawings, charts, and illustrations.
Eg. Technical Sketching; Freehand.
Graphic Language or Drafting
Technical Sketching: A technical drawing used to
proportion shape of ideas so that other can
understand the shape of things.
Mechanical Drawing : A technical drawing made
with drafting instruments.
Engineering Drawing : Drawing used by
engineers and other member of the designengineering team to describe the production of
parts, shape, size and material.
Graphic Language or Drafting
Descriptive Geometry : The grammar of
graphic language, the basic principle set up
to use geometric descriptions for solving
two and three dimensional problems.
Computer Graphics : Use of computer as
drafting instrument with printer or plotter.
Types of Technical Drawings
Three Basic Types of
Technical Drawings
Freehand sketches
Instrument drawings
Computer drawings
and models
Visualization and
Implementation
There are two principles in drawing
There are two principles in drawing
Visualization
The ability to see what an object looks like in the
mind of eye.
Implementation
Drawing of an object that has been visualized
Plane and solid Geometry
Study of drawing can be categorized as
Plane geometry
Representation of an object having two dimensions
Solid geometry
Representing three dimensions of objects
Cont .
Present 3-D objects with 2-D media
Two Basic Categories
2-D
3-D
Mechanical drawing for Engineer
Mechanical drawing for Engineer
Advantage
It is technical
Exact
Clearest way to communicate
It is a universal language
Disadvantage
Time consuming to produce
It needs skill
Communication Distance
Communication distance is a factor for
selection of graphic language.
Engineers + Designers
Sketch
Feed
Back
Drafts man
Mechanical
Drawing
TECHNICIANS
Sketch
Types of Drawing
Sketches
describe the concept in general
Layout
show the relationships of parts and defines key
dimensions
Details
Assembly
Pictorial
for technical manuals, sales literature, or Internet
Types of Drawing
Production Drawings
Used to:
transmit and communicate information for the
production of objects and assemblies (critical in
concurrent engineering environment!)
Classified in two major categories:
detail drawings
assembly drawings
Types of drawing
Detail drawing
Drawings of single parts
May be drawn one part per sheet
May be several parts detailed on a large sht
Include info such as dimensions and notes
relating to material, finish, weight, or tolerance
includes all of the information needed to
fabricate the part.
Types of drawing
Assembly Drawings
Show how parts fit together or are functionally
related
Dimensions typically refer to relationships
among the parts
Often a bill of materials (listing of all parts
necessary to make up the total assembly) is
included.
Types of drawing
Assembly Drawings
An assembly drawing is
handy for a technician
servicing a machinery or
machinery component.
By studying an assembly
drawing and keeping it
handy as the part is
repaired, you can be sure
that all pails are installed in
their proper place.
Types of drawing
Exploded pictorial drawings
Represent several parts assembled according to
the axes of their assembly
Parts are not shown assembled but are moved
apart along the principal axes of the product
Typically not dimensioned
Helpful for assembly purposed on the
production line
Types of drawing
Exploded pictorial
drawings
shows all of the
components spread out,
or exploded. so you can
see what each part looks
like.
frequently used in
illustrated parts manuals
and service bulletins.
Care and use of drawing instrument
In engineering drawing any object is
represented by straight lines and/or curves.
These lines should be drawn as accurate as
possible by the help of drawing
instruments.
Quality of a drawing depends to a large
extent on the quality , adjustment, proper
use and care of drawing instruments.
Care and use of drawing instrument
List of drawing instruments
Eraser
Erasing shield
Triangle (Set-square) (450 and 300 - 600)
Architects or engineers scale
Irregular curves (French curve)
Drawing instrument set (Compass, Divider, extensions)
Protractor
Care and use of drawing instrument
List of drawing instruments
Drawing board
T-square, or parallel-ruling straightedge, or drafting
machine
Drawing sheets
Drafting tape
Drafting pencils
Pencil sharpener
Lettering instrument
Drawing Broad
Drawing tables come in many different size
and design. It could be fixed, movable, with
drawer, adjustable, etc.
They are used to attach drawing sheet.
Keep your drawing table clean and dry not
to affect your drawing quality.
Dont use blades to cut drafting
tapes on drawing table.
Drawing Sheet
made from different
materials with different
quality.
Paper, tracing paper,
vellum, tracing cloth,
glass cloth or film.
Drawing sheets will
determine selection of
pencil grade
US CUSTOMARY
SERIES
ISO
STANDAR
D
Siz
First
Second
e
serie
series
s
Siz Third series
e
81/2 x 11 9 x 12
A0
841 x 1189
11 x 17
12 x 18
A1
594 x 841
17 x 22
18 x 24
A2
420 x 594
22 x 34
24 x 36
A3
297 x 420
34 x 44
36 x 48
A4
210 x 297
T-square
They can be made from
different materials, mostly
from wood or plastic.
Parts: blade and head
two edges of the blade should
be parallel.
The head is fixed at 900 to the
blade
The cleanness of your T
square greatly affect your
drawing quality and
cleanliness.
T-square
Used for
Drawing horizontal
lines
Guiding triangles
Position drawing paper
Drawing Pencils
Most drawing pencil leads are made from
graphite. They are usually made in 17 degrees
of hardness.
6B(softest and blackest)
5B(extremely soft)
4B extra soft)
3B (very soft)
2B (soft, plus)
B (soft)
HB (medium soft)
F (intermediate, between
soft and hard)
H (medium hard)
2H (hard)
3H (hard, plus)
4H (very hard)
5H (extra hard)
6H (extra hard, plus)
7H (extremely hard)
8H (extremely hard, plus)
9H (Hardest)
Drawing Pencils
Selection of drawing pencil
type and quality of drawing paper
how thick and dark you want the line to be.
Pencil lines should be clean and sharp. They must be
dark enough for the views to be seen when the standard
lines are drawn.
If you use too much pressure, you will groove the
drawing surface. You can avoid this if you use proper
grade of lead.
Turn the pencil between your thumb and forefinger as
you draw a line.
Drawing instrument set
It may include compass with pen part and pencil part,
divider, lengthening bar, bow pen, bow pencil and
ruling pens
Dividers:- used to transfer distance
Compass:- used to draw circles or arcs (which are parts
of a circle)
Beam compass:- used to draw arcs or circles of larger
size.
Drawing instrument set
French Curves
Used to draw irregular curves
It is available to align at least three points the
curve to be drawn
Triangles
Used to draw lines at standard angles and by
connecting any two points
Scale of Drawing
USING PROPER SCALE
YOU CAN READ FULL
SIZE MEASUREMENTS
FROM DRAWINGS.
Enlarged
Same size
Reduced
1:1
1:2
2000:1
1000:1
500:1
1:5
200:1
1:10
100:1
1:20
50:1
1:50
20:1
1:100
10:1
1:200
5:1
1:500
2:1
1:1000
Types of lines
TYPE OF LINES
Continuous thick line
ILUSTRATION
APPLICATION
Visible outlines (boundary lines)
Continuous thin line
Dimension lines, leader lines, extension
lines, construction lines & hatching
(Section) lines.
Continuous thin wavy
line (drawn free hand)
Continuous thin line
with ZIGZAG.
Short dash
Irregular boundary lines, short break lines,
Long chain
chain thin
thin line
Long chain thick at
ends and thin
elsewhere.
Long thin chain with
two dash lines
Long break lines.
Invisible edges
Locus lines center lines,
Cutting plane lines.
Phantom line, show alternate position
Types of lines
Borders and Title Blocks
Borders
provides a safety area to prevent the loss of
important information
Improves appearance for presentation purposes
Title Blocks
some items standard: drawing number, sheet
number, title, company name, logo, scale, date,
tolerances, drafter, checker, supervisor
A few basic points for a drawing
Should be complete and unambiguous
Should be neat and easy to read
Use only as many views as necessary to
show all required detail
Apply tolerances realistically - overly tight
tolerances can add a great deal of additional
cost with little or not added value to the part
Drawing paper arrangement
Lettering
Lettering plays a major role in overall
appearance of a drawing.
Lettering should be executed in one stroke
Vertical lettering
Horizontal lettering
Exercise on lettering after reading
assignment
Basic Strokes
Straight
Slanted
Horizontal
Curved
Examples : Application of basic stroke
I letter
A letter 1
B letter 1
3
3
2
Suggested Strokes Sequence
Upper-case letters & Numerals
Straight line
letters
Curved line
letters
Curved line
letters &
Numerals
Suggested Strokes Sequence
Lower-case letters
The text s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital
letter.
Stroke Sequence
I
Stroke Sequence
V
Stroke Sequence
N
Stroke Sequence
O
Stroke Sequence
D
Stroke Sequence
Stroke Sequence
S
Stroke Sequence
l
Stroke Sequence
v
Stroke Sequence
j
Stroke Sequence
c
Stroke Sequence
g
Word Composition
Observe the following word
Spacing
Contour
JIRAPONG
|||| \
\ | )(
)|
|(
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
Space between Letters
1. Straight - Straight
3. Straight - Slant
2. Straight - Curve
4. Curve - Curve
Space between Letters
6. Slant - Slant
5. Curve - Slant
7. The letter L and T
slant
slant
slant
straight
Example : Good and Poor Lettering
GOOD
Not uniform in style.
Not uniform in height.
Not uniformly vertical or inclined.
Not uniform in thickness of stroke.
Area between letters not uniform.
Area between words not uniform.
Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter O.
Example
ALL ODIMENSIONS OARE OIN
MILLIMETERS OUNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
Geometric construction
Geometric construction
A point, line, arc, and circle are the basic
elements used to create the most complex
drawings
Geometric elements
A point
A line
A curve
An angle
Planes
Closed 2-D elements
Surfaces
Solids
A Point
Specifies an exact location in space
Theoretical location that has neither width,
height, nor depth and describes an exact
location in space.
A point is represented by intersection of
-
Intersection of 2-lines
A short crossbar on a line
Or by a small cross
A Point
A point can be
defined as a set of
coordinates (x,y) on
the Cartesian plane.
A Line
Has length and direction but no width
All points are collinear
May be infinite
At least one point must be specified
Direction may be specified with a second point or with an
angle
May be finite
Defined by two end points
Defined by one end point, a length, and direction
A Line
A straight line: is the shortest distance between
two points and is commonly referred to simply as
a line
If the line is indefinite in extent, the length is a
matter of convenience, and the end points are
not fixed
If the end points are significant, they must be
marked by means of small mechanically drawn
crossbars
|| means parallel lines
A line
Line May be straight, curved, or a
combination but straight line is the shortest
distance between two points
A Curve
The locus of points along a curve are not
collinear
The direction is constantly changing
Single curved lines
all points on the curve lie on a single plane
A regular curve
The distance from a fixed point to any point on
the curve is a constant
Examples: arc and circle
A Curve
A regular curve
The distance from a
fixed point to any
point on the curve is
a constant
Examples: arc and
circle
An angle
An angle is formed by two intersecting lines
means an angle,
There are 3600 in a full circle
2-Angles are Complementary if they total
2-Angles are Supplementary if they total
Use protractor to draw an angle
An angle
Planes
Planes are defined by:
Three points not lying in a straight
line
Two parallel lines
Two intersecting lines
A point and a line
Planes
Triangles
A triangle is a plane figure bounded
by three straight sides.
Equilateral triangle (all sides equal, 60
deg. angles)
Isosceles triangle (two sides equal)
Right triangle (one angle is 90
degrees)
A2+B2=C2 (Pythagorean theorem)
Sin=A/C
CosB/C
Plane
Triangles
Triangles: is a plane figure bounded by three straight sides.
The sum of the interior angles is always 180 0
Any triangle inscribed in a semicircle is a right triangle if the
hypotenuse coincides with the diameter.
Planes
Quadrilateral
Quadrilateral and polygons
Square All sides equal, four right angles.
Rectangle Opposite sides are equal,
four right angles.
Planes
Quadrilateral
Quadrilateral and polygons
Rhombus All sides equal;
Opposite angles are equal.
Rhomboid Opposite sides are
equal; Opposite angles are equal.
Planes
Quadrilateral
Quadrilateral and polygons
Trapezoid Two sides parallel.
Trapezium No sides parallel.
Planes
Other
Polygons
Quadrilateral and polygons
5 SIDES
Pentagon
8 SIDES
Octagon
6 SIDES
Hexagon
9 SIDES
Nonagon
7 SIDES
Heptagon
10 SIDES
Decagon
Planes
Quadrilateral: is a plane figure bounded by 4straight sides.
If the opposite sides are parallel, the Quadrilateral
is also called parallelogram
Polygons: is any plane figure bounded by straight
lines.
Regular Polygon has equal sides and angle,
Regular Polygon can be inscribed in or
circumscribed around a circle
Planes
Quadrilateral and polygons
Planes
Circles and Arcs
Center
Circumference
Radius
Chord
Diameter
Secant
Arc
Semicircle
Minor arc
Major arc
Central angle
Sector
Quadrant
Segment
Tangent
Planes
Circle: is a closed
curve, all points of
which are the same
distance from a point
called the center
Circumference is
referred to the circle
or to the distance
around the circ
Planes
Circles and Arcs
Radius (R)
Diameter (D)
Angle (1 rev = 360o 0 0)
Circumference (2*3.14159*R)
Tangent
Chord
R
D
A line perpendicular to the midpoint of a chord passes
through the center of the circle
Concentric circles
Planes
Inscribed polygon
An inscribed polygon can be
constructed by determining the
number of sides and the
distance across the corners.
Circle diameter = distance across
corners
8-sided polygon
Connect radial lines where the ends
intersect the circumference
Example:
There are 360 in a circle; for an eight-sided polygon
divide 360 by 8 (360 8=45 ) to determine the
Planes
Circumscribed Polygon
A circumscribed polygon can
be constructed by determining
the number of sides and the
distance across the flats.
Circle diameter = distance across
the flats
8-sided polygon
Connect radial lines by drawing line
segments tangent to arc segments
Example:
There are 360 in a circle; for an eight-sided polygon
divide 360 by 8 (360 8=45 ) to determine the
Planes
Parallelograms
4 sides
Opposite sides are parallel
Ex. square, rectangle, and rhombus
Regular polygons
All sides have equal length
3 sides: equilateral triangle
4 sides: square
5 sides: pentagon
Circumscribed or inscribed
Solids
Three dimensional
They have a volume
Regular polyhedral
Have regular polygons
for faces
All faces are the same
Prisms
Two equal parallel
faces
Sides are
parallelograms
Pyramids
Common intersection
point (vertex)
Cones
Cylinders
Spheres
Geometric construction-solids
Polyhedral: solids bounded by plane surfaces
These surfaces are called face
Regular Polyhedral: a solid with faces equal a regular polygon
Geometric Constraints
When making solid models, constraints are
necessary to produce parts of exact shapes
and sizes. To make a part parametric it is
necessary to use as many geometric
constraints as possible. The next set of
slides will show what that geometry is.
Geometric Constraints
Parallel - Lines that are equal distance
from
each other at each point along their
length.
These two lines are parallel. The lines are
also representing the symbol for parallel.
Perpendicular - Lines that are 90 from one anothe
These two lines are perpendicular and
represent the symbol for perpendicular.
Geometric Constraints
Horizontal - A line is horizontal when it is
parallel to the horizon. In solid modeling,
the line is also parallel in the horizontal
projection plane and will appear true length.
Vertical - A line is vertical when it is
perpendicular to the horizon. This line will
be parallel to the front and profile projection
planes.
Geometric Constraints
Tangent - A line or arc that has one point in common with
an arc. If a line is tangent with a circle the line will be
perpendicular with a line drawn from the point of tangency
through the center point of the arc. If two arcs are tangent
(Figure B), a line drawn between the centers will intersect
at the point of tangency.
Geometric Constraints
Concentric - Circles or arcs that share the same cen
point.
These circles and the arcs share the sam
center point.
Coincident - Points that share the same location
on the coordinate plane. Points may also be parts
of arcs or curves.
Geometric Constraints
Collinear - Lines that if projected at each other will
become the same line.
Collinear lines
Coplanar - Two or more objects that sit in the same
plane.
Fixed Point - A point that has been forced to stay in
one location in space.
Equal - Two or more lines, arcs, or circles that are give
the same magnitude.
Geometric construction
Bisecting a line or
circular arc
From A & B draw
equal arcs with
radius greater than
half AB
. Join intersection D
& E with a straight
line to locate center
Geometric construction
Bisecting a line with a triangle & T-Square
From endpoints A & B, draw construction lines at
30, 45, or 60 degrees with the given line.
Then through their intersection, C, draw a line
perpendicular to the given line to locate the center
C
Geometric construction
Bisecting an angle
Angle BAC is to be
bisected:
Strike large arc R
From intersect points C
& B, strike equal arcs r
with radius slightly
larger than half BC, to
intersect at D
Draw line AD, which
bisect the angle
Geometric construction
Transferring an angle
Angle BAC is to be transferred to the new position A B:
Use any convenient radius R, and strike arcs from centers A and A
Strike equal arcs r, and draw side AC
Geometric construction
Drawing a line through a point and parallel to a
line
Geometric construction
Drawing a line parallel to a line and at a distance
Geometric construction
Dividing a line into equal parts
Geometric construction
Dividing a
line into
equal
parts--continued
Geometric construction
Dividing a line into proportional parts
Geometric construction
Drawing a line through a point and
perpendicular to a line
When the point is not on the line
When the point is on the line
Figure c, d, and eself read
Geometric construction
Drawing a triangle with sides given
Draw one side, as C, in desired position, and strike arc
with radius equal to side A
Strike arc with radius equal to side B
Draw side A and B from intersection of arcs, as shown in
III
Geometric construction
Drawing a right triangle
with hypotenuse and
one side given
Given sides S and R,
with AB as a diameter
equal to S, draw a
semicircle
With A as a center and R
as a radius, draw an arc
intersecting the
semicircle at C
Draw AC and CB to
complete the right
triangle
Geometric construction
Drawing an equilateral triangle
Geometric construction
Drawing a square
Geometric construction
Drawing a regular pentagon
Geometric construction
Drawing a regular hexagon
Geometric construction
Drawing a regular
hexagon
Geometric construction
Drawing any regular polygon
Geometric construction
Drawing a circle tangent to a line at a given point
At P, erect a perpendicular to the line
Set off the radius of the required circle on the perpendicular
Draw a circle with radius CP
Geometric construction
Drawing a tangent to a circle through a point
Given point P on the circle
Move the T-square and triangle as a unit until one side of the
triangle passes through the point P and the center of the circle
Then slide the triangle until the other side passes through point
P, and draw the required tangent
Geometric construction
Drawing tangents to two circles
Move the triangle and T-square as a unit until one
side of the triangle is tangent, by inspection, to the
two circles.
Then slide the triangle until the other side passes
through the center of one circle, and lightly mark
the point of tangency.
Then slide the triangle until the slide passes through
the center of the other circle, and mark the point of
tangency.
Finally, slide the triangle back to the tangent
position, and draw the tangent lines between the two
points of tangency. Draw the second tangent line in
a similar manner
Geometric construction
Drawing tangents to two circles
Geometric construction
Constructing arcs tangent to two lines
Geometric construction
Constructing an arc tangent to a line and another
arc
Geometric construction
Constructing
an arc tangent
to two given
arcs
Geometric construction
Constructing an arc tangent to a given arc
Geometric construction
Conic Sections: are curves produced by
planes intersecting a right circular cone
4-types of curves are produced: circle,
ellipse, parabola, hyperbola
Geometric construction
Ellipse: Single-curvedsurface primitive
created when a plan
passes through a right
circular cone at an
angle to the axis that is
greater than the angle
between the axis and
the sides (a circle when
viewed at an angle
appears as an ellipse)
Geometric construction
An ellipse
The long axis is the major axis & the short axis is the
minor axis
Each ellipse has two FOCI points (E & F)
The foci points are found by striking arcs with radius
equal to half the major axis & with center at the end of
the minor axis (point C or D)
An ellipse is generated by a point moving so that the
sum of its distances from two points (the foci) is
constant and equal to the major axis
Geometric construction
Geometric construction
Constructing a Foci
Ellipse
Geometric construction
Constructing foci ellipse
Geometric construction
Constructing concentric circle ellipse
Geometric construction
Constructing four centered method ellipse
Geometric construction
Parabola: Curve
created when a
plane intersects a
right circular cone
parallel to the side
(elements) of the
cone
Geometric construction
Parallelogram
Method of
Drawing
Parabolas
Engineering Applications
of Parabolas
Geometric construction
Constructing a
parabola
Geometric construction
Constructing a parabola
Geometric construction
Hyperbola: Curve
of the intersection
created when a
plane intersects a
right circular cone
and makes a smaller
angle
with the axis than
do the elements
Geometric construction
Hyperbola
Geometric construction
Constructing a hyperbola
Geometric construction
Constructing involutes of a circle
Geometric construction
Constructing a spiral
A single-curved surface that begins at a point called a pole and
becomes larger as it travels in a plane around the origin
End of part one
