Basic Concepts

Related to Kinetics
Inertia

Pressure

Mass

Volume

Force

Density

Free body diagram

Center
Weight

of Gravity

Specific
Torque
Impulse

weight

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

What is inertia?

resistance to change in state of motion

proportional to mass

at rest it is mass

gravity acts in y axis

only

has no units!

Inertia

inertia

"the tendency of a body to resist a change in its state of

motion; no units, but directly proportional to mass

Mass (m) : Resist a change in its state of linear motion

the quantity of matter contained in an object; units = kg (lb)

mass moment of inertia (I): Resist a change in its state

of angular motion

I = m r2

units: kg m2

Basic Concepts
Related to Kinetics
What is force?

a push or a pull

characterized by magnitude,
direction, and point of
application

F = ma

unit is the Newton (N)

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

What is weight?

attractive force that the earth exerts

on a body

wt. = mag (product of mass and the

acceleration of gravity: -9.81 m/s2)

Mechanical Behavior of Bodies

in Contact
Linear Momentum:
M = mv
Units - kg m/s
Principle of conservation of momentum:
In the absence of external forces, the total
momentum of a given system remains
constant

Momentum

Linear

M= m v

Angular
H=I

The moment of linear

momentum

Conservation
1st Newtons Law

Transfer

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

What is impulse?
the product of force and the time
over which the force acts
(Ft)

units are Ns

Mechanical Behavior of Bodies

in Contact
Impulse:
Impulse = Ft
Derived from Newtons Second law:
F = ma
F = m ([v2 - v1] / t)

Ft = (mv2) - (mv1)

Ft = M

Mechanical Behavior of Bodies in

Contact
What is the relationship between impulse
and momentum?
Ft = M
Ft = (mv)2 - (mv)1

Impulse

Impulse = (F)(t)

Change in momentum

2nd Newtons Law

(F)(t) = (m) (V)

Force Plate
Impact

Mechanical Behavior of Bodies

in Contact
Impact:
Perfectly elastic impact:
Perfectly plastic impact:
Coefficient of restitution:

Mechanical Behavior of Bodies

in Contact
Impact (cont.) Coefficient of Restitution
Newton:
When two bodies undergo a direct collision, the
difference in their velocities immediately after
impact is proportional to the difference in their
velocities immediately before impact
-e = relative velocity after impact
relative velocity before impact

= v 1 - v2
u 1 - u2

Impact
very high force small time interval
Acute loading

Coefficient of restitution (ball)

Index of elasticity

b=bounce , d=drop
h
e

hd

Mechanical Behavior of Bodies in

Contact
The differences in Ball velocities before impact
u1
u2
two balls velocities
before impact is
proportional to the
difference in their
velocities after
impact. The factor of
v1
v2
proportionality is the
coefficient of
Ball velocities after impact
restitution.

v1 - v2 = -e ( u1 - u2)

Basic Concepts
Related to Kinetics
What is a free body diagram?
Force applied
by racquet

Air resistance

Ball being
struck by a
racquet

ball weight

(diagram showing vector representations of all

forces acting on a defined system)

Newtons Laws
Law of Inertia

A body will maintain a state of rest or

constant velocity unless acted on by an
external force that changes the state

Newtons Laws
Law of Inertia

A skater has a tendency to continue gliding with

constant speed and direction because of inertia.

Newtons Laws
Law of Acceleration

A force applied to a body causes an

acceleration of that body of a magnitude
proportional to the force, in the direction of
the force, and inversely proportional to the
bodys mass

F = ma

Mechanical Behavior of Bodies

in Contact
Friction:
Maximum static friction (Fm):
Kinetic friction (Fk):
F = R

Coefficient of friction:
Coefficient of static friction ( s):
Coefficient of kinetic friction (k) :

Normal reaction force:

Rolling friction:

Friction
Static
Dynamic

Rolling

Coefficient
Resultant

Mechanical Behavior of Bodies in

Contact
P

PH

Pv

Is it easier to
push or pull
a desk
across a
room?

wt

Pushing a desk
P

R = wt + Pv

Pv

wt
Pulling a desk
R = wt - Pv

PH

Newtons Laws
Law of Reaction

For every action, there is an equal and

opposite reaction

When one body exerts a force on a second,

the second body exerts a reaction for that is
equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction of the first body

Newtons Laws
Law of Reaction
In accordance with the
law of reaction, the weight
of a box sitting on a table
generates a reaction force
by the table that is equal
in magnitude and
opposite in direction to the
weight.

wt

Newtons Laws
Law of Gravitation

All bodies are attracted to one another with

a force proportional to the product of the
masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them

Fg = G(m1m2 / d2)

Basic Concepts
Related to Kinetics
What is the center of gravity?
point around which a bodys weight is
equally balanced in all directions
point that serves as an index of total body
motion
point at which the weight vector acts
same as the center of mass

Center of Gravity
What is the center of
gravity?
the point around which a bodys weight
is equally balanced in all directions
also referred to as the center of mass
or mass centroid
(need not be physically located inside
of a body)

Center of Gravity
Why is the center of gravity of interest in
the study of human biomechanics?
it serves as an index of total body motion

Center of Gravity
Why is the center of gravity of interest in
the study of human biomechanics?
the body responds to external forces
as though all mass were
concentrated at the CG

this

is consequently the point at which

the weight vector is shown to act in
a free body diagram

Center of Gravity (CG)

Center of Mass
Center of Mass / Center of Gravity:
The CG of a symmetrical object of
homogeneous density, is the exact center of
the object
When mass distribution is not constant, CG
shifts in the direction of greater mass.

Locating the Center of Gravity

For one-segment, balance point in three
different planes
As projectile, the bodys CG follows a
parabolic trajectory
Weight vector acts as the CG

Locating the Human Body

Center of Gravity
Reaction board:
requires a scale, a platform & rigid board
with sharp supports on either end.
Segmental method:
uses data for average locations of individual
body segments CGs as related to a
percentage of segment length

CM

Suspension
cardinal planes

Stability
resist disruption

Reaction Board

Balance
Control equilibrium

Segmental Method

W X ( S 2 S1) L
( S 2 S1)
X ( L)
W

Stability and Balance

What is stability?

resistance to disruption of equilibrium

What is balance?

ability to control equilibrium

Stability and Balance

Stability:
Factors that affect:
Mass, friction, center of gravity & base of
support

Balance:
Foot position affects standing balance

Stability

Mass

Friction

Size base

CM CG low

Anticipation

Stability and Balance

What is the base of support?
(area bound by the outermost regions
of contact between a body and
the support surface)

Stability and Balance

What can increase a bodys stability?
increasing body mass
increasing friction between the body
and the surfaces of contact

Stability and Balance

What can increase a bodys stability?
increasing the size of the base of
support in the direction of an
external force

Stability and Balance

What can increase a bodys stability?
horizontally positioning the center of
gravity near the edge of the base of
support on the side of the external

force

Stability and Balance

What can increase a bodys stability?
vertically positioning the center of
gravity as low as possible
The higher the
CG, the greater
the amount of
torque its motion
creates about
the support
surface.

d
d

Newtons Law

Linear

Inertia
Acceleration
F=ma

Reaction

Angular
I = m r2
I = m k2

Inertia (rotating body)

T = I (net torque)
Opposite torque

Angular Analogues of Linear

Kinematic Quantities
What are the angular equivalents of linear
kinematic quantities?
Linear
mass (m)
force (F)
momentum (M=mv)
impulse (Ft)

Angular
moment of inertia (I = mk 2)
torque (T = Fd )
angular momentum (H=mk 2)
angular impulse (Fd t)

Angular Analogues of Newtons

Laws
What is the angular law of inertia?
A rotating body will maintain a state of
rest or constant rotational motion
unless acted on by an external
torque that changes the state.

Angular Analogues of Newtons

Laws of Motion
Newtons First Law:
A rotating body will maintain a state of
constant rotational motion unless acted
on by an external torque.

Basic Concepts
Related to Kinetics
What is a torque (T)?

the rotary effect of a force

the angular equivalent of force

also known as moment of force, the product

of force and the forces moment arm (the
shortest perpendicular distance between a
forces line of action and an axis of rotation)

Basic Concepts
Related to Kinetics
What is a torque?
F = 10N
d = 2m
axis

T = Fd (the product of force and the

perpendicular distance from the forces line
of action to the axis of rotation)

Equilibrium
axis

The moment arm

Force
of a force is the
Moment arm line of
perpendicular
action
distance from the
axis
forces line of
action to the axis
Force
Moment
of rotation.
line of
arm
action

Equilibrium
Where do torques occur within the
human body?
The product of muscle
tension and muscle
moment arm produces a
torque at the joint crossed
by the muscle.

Equilibrium

Skilled pitchers often maximize the length of the moment arm

between the hand and total-body axis of rotation during the
delivery of a pitch to maximize the effect of the torque
produced by the muscles.

Equilibrium
What is a lever?
a simple machine consisting of a
relatively rigid bar-like body that
can be made to rotate about an
axis or a fulcrum
there are first, second, and third
class levers

Lever
Lever is a structure for transmitting energy
A rigid bar that revolves about an axis
or fulcrum

Lever

Effort: E
Fulcrum: A

Resistance: R

First Class

The axis A (or fulcrum) located between the

effort M and the resistance R
E-A-R

A
E
R

Second Class

The resistance R is located between the

effort E and the axis A (or fulcrum)
E-R-A
E

A
R

Third Class

The effort E is located between the

resistance R and the axis A (or fulcrum)
R-E-A
E

A
R

Equilibrium
F
Relative locations
of the applied
force (F), the
resistance (R),
and the fulcrum
or axis of rotation
determine lever
classifications.

R
First class

F
Second class

R
Third class

Equilibrium
What is mechanical
advantage?
The ratio of the moment arm of the
force (force arm) to the moment
arm of the resistance (resistance
arm) for a given lever
When the ratio is greater than 1,
the required force is less than
resistive force (force m.a.>res.
m.a.)

Equilibrium
F = 10N

R = 20N

Fa=2m Ra=1m

A force can balance a larger

resistance when the force arm is
longer than the resistance arm.

Equilibrium
F

Fa
Ra

A force can move a resistance through a

large range of motion when the force arm
(Fa) is shorter than the resistance arm (Ra).

Lever Systems
Moment arm of applied force > moment arm of
resistance
Resistance arm is longer than force arm

Mechanical advantage = Moment arm (force)

Moment arm (resistance)

E EA R RA
RA
E R
EA
E RA
R EA

mechanical advantage
R EA
E RA

Mechanical
Advantage
or Disadvantage

Second Class
First Class

when EA > RA

Effort < Resistance

Third Class
First Class
when RA > EA

Effort > Resistance

Examples: First Class

E-A-R

Examples: Second Class

E-R-A

Examples: Third Class

R-E-A

E
A

S R

same
distance

same
angle

Example Racing Wheelchairs

Anatomical Levers

In the human body, most lever systems are third

class
Arrangement promotes
Range of motion
Angular speed

Forces generated must be in excess of the

resistance force
Two components of muscular force
rotary and parallel component

rotary
Shear:
Stabilizing

E ->
rotary

Shear:
Dislocating

d
d

Angle of pull

Angle between the line of pull of the muscle & the

bone on which it inserts (angle of attachment
facing away from joint as opposed to angle on side
of joint)
With every degree of joint motion, the angle of
pull changes
Joint movements & insertion angles involve
mostly small angles of pull

Angle of pull
Angle of pull decreases as bone moves away
from its anatomical position through local
muscle groups contraction
Range of movement depends on type of joint
& bony structure
Most muscles work at angles of pull less
than 50 degrees
Amount of muscular force needed to cause
joint movement is affected by angle of pull

Angle of pull

Rotary component (vertical component) component of muscular force that acts

perpendicular to long axis of bone (lever)
When the line of muscular force is at 90 degrees
to bone on which it attaches, all of the muscular
force is rotary force (100% of force is
contributing to movement)
All of force is being used to rotate the lever about
its axis
The closer the angle of pull to 90 degrees, the
greater the rotary component

Angle of pull

At all other degrees of the angle of pull, one

of the other two components of force are
operating in addition to rotary component
Rotary component continues with less force, to
rotate the lever about its axis
Second force component is the horizontal, or
nonrotary component and is either a stabilizing
component or a dislocating component,
depending on whether the angle of pull is less
than or greater than 90 degrees

Angle of pull
If angle is less than 90
degrees, the force is a
stabilizing force because its
pull directs the bone toward
the joint axis
If angle is greater than 90
degrees, the force is
dislocating due to its pull
directing the bone away from
the joint axis

Angle of pull

Sometimes desirable to begin with the angle

of pull is at 90 degrees
chin-up (pull-up)
angle makes the chin-up easier because of
more advantageous angle of pull
compensate for lack of sufficient strength

Equilibrium
Torque
Torque:
T = Fd
Moment arm:
In the body, moment arm of muscle is the
perpendicular distance between muscle's line pull
and joint center
Largest moment arm at an angle of pull ~900
Vector quantity, magnitude and direction
Fd & counterclockwise (+) & clockwise (-)

Resultant Joint Torques

Product of muscle tension and muscle moment arm

produces a torque at the joint crossed by the
muscle
Agonist and antagonist muscle groups
Net joint torque
Concentric and eccentric
Two joint muscles
Factors that affect net joint torques
Speeds affect on net joint torques

Equilibrium

Static

Dynamic

Equations of Static
Equilibrium
Equilibrium:
Three conditions for equilibrium:
1. Fv = 0

2. Fh = 0

3. T = 0

Equations of Dynamic Equilibrium

Dynamic equilibrium:
Fx - mx = 0

Fy - my = 0

TG - = 0

Equilibrium
What is static
equilibrium?
a motionless state in which there is no
net force or net torque acting

the conditions of static equilibrium are:

Fv = 0
Fh = 0
T = 0

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

20N
1m

10N

CG
2m

The weights are balanced, creating equal

torques on either side of the fulcrum.

Angular Analogues of Linear

Kinematic Quantities
What are the angular equivalents of linear
kinematic quantities?
Linear
mass (m)
force (F)
momentum (M=mv)
impulse (Ft)

Angular
moment of inertia (I = mk 2)
torque (T = Fd )
angular momentum (H=mk 2)
angular impulse (Fd t)

Angular Momentum
What is angular momentum?
quantity of angular motion possessed
by a body
measured as the product of moment of
inertia and angular velocity:
H = I
H = mk2

Angular Momentum

CG

CGs

s
g

Angular momentum is the sum of the local

term (Iss) and the remote term (mr2g).
H = Iss + mr2g

Angular Momentum
What is the principle of conservation
of angular momentum?
The total angular momentum of a given
system remains constant in the
absence of external torques.
H1 = H2
(mk2)1 = (mk2)2

Angular Momentum

When angular momentum is conserved, there is a

tradeoff between moment of inertia and angular
velocity.
(Tuck position = small I, large )
(Extended position = large I, small )

Angular Momentum
Angular momentum:
For linear motion:
M = mv
For angular motion:
H = IC
Or:
H mk2
Factors that affect a angular momentum
Mass (m), distribution of mass with respect to
the axis or rotation (k) , angular velocity of the
body ()

Angular Momentum
Multi-segmented Object

Sum of angular momenta of individual

segments
Local term:
Remote term:

H = Iss + mr2g

Conservation of
Angular Momentum
The total angular momentum of a
given system remains constant in
the absence of external torques

Transfer of Angular Momentum

Transferring angular velocity
Changing total body axis of rotation

Asymmetrical arm movements

Rotation of the hips (termed hula movement)

Change in Angular Momentum

Depend on only on the magnitude and

direction, but also on the length of time
Linear impulse = Ft
Angular impulse Tt

Impulse-momentum relationship:
Tt = H
Tt = (I)2 - (I)1

Angular Momentum
What produces change in angular
momentum?
angular impulse - the product of torque
and the time interval over which the
torque acts:
T t = H
T t = (I)2 - (I)1

Angular Momentum
Backward
somersault
F
CG

Springboard reaction force (F) multiplied by its moment arm

from the divers CG (d ) creates a torque that generates the
angular impulse that produces angular momentum at takeoff.
Tt = H

Angular Analogues of Newtons

Laws of Motion
Newtons Second Law:
A net torque produces angular
acceleration of a body that is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the
torque, in the same direction as the
torque, and inversely proportional to
the bodys moment of inertia.

Angular Analogues of Newtons

Laws
What is the angular law of
acceleration?
A net torque causes angular acceleration
of a body that is:
of a magnitude proportional to the
torque
in the direction of the torque
and inversely proportional to the
bodys moment of inertia

Angular Analogues of Newtons

Laws
What is the angular law of acceleration?
T = I
T = mk2

Resistance to Angular Acceleration

Moment of Inertia

Resistance to linear acceleration

Mass

Resistance to angular acceleration

Mass
Distribution of mass with respect to axis of
rotation

I = mr2
I = mr2

Resistance to Angular Acceleration

axis of rotation

Moment of inertia is the sum of the

products of each particles mass (m)
and the radius of rotation (r) for that
particle squared. I = mr2

Resistance to Angular Acceleration

What is the radius of gyration?
distance from the axis of rotation to a
point where the bodys mass could
be concentrated without altering its
rotational characteristics
used as the index for mass distribution
for calculating moment of
inertia:
I = mk2

Determining Moment of Inertia

I = mk2

Radius of gyration:
Not the same as the segmental CG
Length changes as the axis of rotation changes

Units of moment of inertia consist of mass

multiplied by units of length squared ( kgm2)

Human Body
Moment of Inertia

In sagittal and frontal plane motion

Axis passing through center of proximal joint

Human body as a whole

Rotates free of support, around 1 of 3 principle axes
Transverse (frontal)
Anteroposterior (sagittal)
Longitudinal (vertical)

Principal moment of inertia

Resistance to Angular Acceleration

k1
k2

k3

k1

k3

k2

Knee angle affects the moment of inertia of the

swinging leg with respect to the hip because of
changes in the radius of gyration for the lower leg
(k2) and foot (k3).

Resistance to Angular Acceleration

The ratio of muscular strength (ability to produce torque at a

joint) to segmental moments of inertia (resistance to rotation
at a joint) is important for performance in gymnastic events.

Angular Analogues of Newtons

Laws of Motion
Newtons Third Law:
For every torque exerted by one body
on another, there is an equal and
opposite torque exerted by the second
body on the first.

Angular Analogues of Newtons

Laws
What is the angular law of reaction?
For every angular action, there is an
equal and opposite angular reaction.
When one body exerts a torque on a
second, the second body exerts a
reaction torque that is equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction
on the first body.

Basic Concepts Related

to Kinetics
What is pressure?
force per unit of area over which the
force acts
commonly used to describe force
distribution within a fluid (e.g.
blood pressure, water pressure)
units are N/m2

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

What is stress?
force per unit of area over which
the force acts

commonly used to describe force

distribution within a solid

units are N/m2

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

What is stress?

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

What is volume?

space occupied by a body

has three dimensions (width, height,

and depth)

units are m3 and cm3

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

What is density?

mass per unit of volume

represented with the small Greek

letter rho:

units are kg/m3

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

What is specific weight?

weight per unit of volume

represented with the Greek

letter gamma:

units are N/m3

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

- Loading
What is compression?

Original
Shape

Compression

(pressing or squeezing force directed

axially through a body)

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

- Loading
What is tension?

Original
Shape

Tension

(pulling or stretching force directed

axially through a body)

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

- Loading
What is shear?

Original
Shape

Shear

(force directed parallel to a surface)

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

- Loading
What is bending?
Compression
Tension

(asymmetric loading that produces tension

on one side of a bodys longitudinal axis
and compression on the other side)

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

- Loading
What is torsion?
Neutral
axis

(load producing twisting of a body

around its longitudinal axis)

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

What is deformation?

Load

Yield
Point

Elastic
Region

Plastic
Region
Deformation

(change in shape)

Ultimate
Failure
Point

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

What are repetitive and acute loading?

repetitive: repeated application of a

subacute load that is usually of
relatively low magnitude

acute: application of a single force of

sufficient magnitude to cause
injury to a biological tissue

The Effects of Loading

Deformation
When an external force is applied to the human
body, several factors influence whether an injury
occurs

Magnitude and direction of force

Area over which force is distributed
Load-deformation curve
Yield point (elastic limit)
Failure

Repetitive vs. Acute Loads

Repetitive loading
Acute loading
Macrotrauma
Microtrauma

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

Load Magnitude

Repetitive vs. acute loading

Likelihood of Injury

Frequency of Loading

Sample Problem 1
1. If a scale shows that an individual has a
mass of 68 kg, what is that individuals
weight?
Known: m = 68 kg
Solution Answer
Wanted: weight wt = 667 N
Formulas: wt = mag wt = 150 lbs
1 kg = 2.2 lbs

Sample Problem 1
2. What is the mass of an object weighting
1200 N?
Known: wt = 1200 N
Solution
Answer
Wanted: mass
m = 122.32 kg
Formulas: wt = mag

Sample Problem 2
Is it better to be stepped on by a women wearing a spike or by a
court shoe?
Known: wt = 556 N As = 4 cm2 Ac = 175 cm2
Solution
Wanted:
Answer
Pressure exerted by the spike heel
p = 139N/cm2
Pressure exerted by the court shoe p = 3.8 N/Cm2
Formulas: p = F/A
43.75 times
more pressure

Common Units for

Kinetic Quantities
Quantity
Mass
Force
Pressure
Volume (solids)
(liquids)
Density
Specific weight
Torque
Impulse

Symbol
m
F
P
V

Metric Unit English Unit

kg
slug
N
lb
Pa
psi
m3
ft3
liter
gallon
kg/m3
lb/ft3
N/m3
lb/ft3
N-m
ft-lb
Ns
lb s

Sample Problem 3
How

much compressive stress is

present on the L1, L2 vertebral disk of
a 625 N woman, given that
approximately 45% of body weight is
supported by the disk

Sample Problem 3
When she stands in anatomical positions?
Given:
F = (625 N) (0.45)
A = 20 cm2
Formula: Stress = F/A
a)

Stress = (625 N) (0.45) / 20 cm2

Stress = 14 N / cm2

Sample Problem 3
b) When she stands erect holding a 222 N
suitcase?
Given: F = (625 N) (0.45) = 222 N A = 20
cm2
Formula: Stress = F/A
Stress = (625 N) (0.45) + 222 N / 20 cm 2
Stress = 25.2 N / cm2

Tools for Measuring

Kinetic Quantities

Electromyography (EMG)
To study neuromuscular function

Dynamography
Forces/pressure
Primarily employed in gait research
Starts, takeoffs, landings, baseball & golf
swings, and balance

Vector Algebra
Vector
Kinetic vector quantities

force weight, pressure, specific weight &

torque

Kinematic vector quantities

Displacement, velocity & acceleration

Scalar quantities
Mass, volume, length & speed

Vector Composition
Resultant vector
Tip-to-tail vector composition

Resultant vector
Vector #2

Vector #1

Vector Resolution
Example: A ball is thrown into the air

Vertical
Horizontal

Graphic Solution of
Vector Problems

Graphic vector manipulation may yield

approximate result
1 cm = 10 N
30 N = 3 cm
35 N = 4.5 cm

Trigonometric Solution of
Vector Problems
A more

accurate procedure for

quantitatively dealing with vector
problems

Vector - Scalar

vector
physical quantity that possesses both magnitude and direction

scalar
physical quantity that is completely described by its magnitude

vector composition
process of determining a single vector from two or more
vectors by vector addition

vector resolution
operation that replaces a single vector with two perpenticular
vectors such that the vector composition of the two
perpendicular vectors yields the original vector

Centripetal Force
What is centripetal force?
(force directed toward
the center of rotation
for a
body in rotational
motion)
mv2
Fc = r
Fc = mr2

Fc

Moments

Torque

Angular momentum

Moment of force

Moment of linear
momentum

Centripetal Force

Centripetal Fc = m v2 / r = m r 2

Friction

Inertia

Centripetal Force
Centripetal force:
Fc = mv2 / r
Fc

mr 2

Centrifugal forces are fictitious

Work, Power, and Energy

Relationships
What is mechanical work?
the product of a force applied against a
resistance and the displacement of
the resistance in the direction of the
force
W = Fd
units of work are Joules (J)

Work, Power & Energy Relationships

Work
Work = Force Distance
Positive work:
Negative work:
Common units: joule (J)

W = Fd

Mechanical work caloric expenditure

Work, Power, and Energy

Relationships
What is mechanical power?
the rate of work production
calculated as work divided by the time
over which the work was done
W
P= t
units of work are Watts (W)

Work, Power & Energy Relationships

Power
Power =
Work
change in time

W
t

Power = force x distance =

change in time

Fd
t

Since v = d / t,

Power

Units - watts (W) 1 W =

1 J/s

Fv

Work, Power, and Energy

Relationships
What is mechanical energy?
the capacity to do work
units of energy are Joules (J)
there are three forms energy:
kinetic energy
potential energy
thermal energy

Work, Power & Energy Relationships

Energy
Energy:
Units are the same as work - joules
Kinetic energy (KE):
KE = 1/2 mv2
Potential energy (PE):
PE = wt h
PE = magh
Strain energy (SE):
SE = 1/2 kx2

Work, Power, and Energy

Relationships
What is kinetic energy?
energy of motion
KE = mv2
What is potential energy?
energy by virtue of a bodys position or
configuration
PE = (wt)(ht)

Work, Power, and Energy

Relationships

During the pole vault, the bent pole stores potential energy for
subsequent release as kinetic energy and thermal energy.

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

Consider a ball tossed vertically into the air
Law of conservation of mechanical energy:
When gravity is the only acting external
force, a bodys mechanical energy remain
constant
(PE + KE) = C

Work, Power, and Energy

Relationships
Ht(m) PE(J)

Height,
velocity,
potential
energy, and
kinetic energy
changes for a
tossed ball.
Note:
PE + KE = C

V(m/s) KE(J)

3.0

29.4

2.5

24.5

3.1

4.9

2.0

19.6

4.4

9.8

1.5

14.7

5.4

14.7

1.0

9.8

6.3

19.6

Time

Principle of Work & Energy

The work of a force is equal to the change
in energy that it produces on the object
acted on
W = KE + PE + TE (where TE is
thermal energy)
Mechanical work caloric expenditure
~25% of energy consumed by muscle is
converted into work

Energy

Potential

PE= (mg) h

Kinetic
velocity dependent

Position dependent

Strain

Linear
KE=1/2 m v2

SE=1/2 k x2

Angular
KEa=1/2 I 2

Conservation of Energy

ME = PE + KE = constant
If Conservative forces like gravity

Bouncing ball (in reality will stop because of

friction and air resistance etc.)

Work

Changes Energy

W = F*S

Joule = (Nm)

Ive got the power

P = W /t = F v (Watts)