GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMEN
T
DEFINITION
GROWTH
The term growth denotes a
net increase in the size, or
mass of the tissue. It is largely
attributed to multiplication of
cells and increase in the
intracellular substance.
ACCORDING TO HURLOCK
GROWTH is change in
size, in proportion,
disappearance of old
features and acquisition
of new ones
According to Crow and Crow (1962)
Growth refers to
structural and
physiological changes
DEVELOPMENT
Development specify maturation of
functions. It is related to the
maturation and myelination of the
nervous system and indicates
acquisition of a variety of skills for
optimal functioning of the individual
According to
Hurlock(1959)
Development means a
progressive series of
changes that occur in an
orderly predictable pattern
as a result of maturation
and experience.
According to J.E. Anderson(1950)
Development is
concerned with growth
as well as those changes
in behavior which results
from environmental
situations.
According to Liebert, Poulos and Marmor (1979)
Development refers to a
process of change in
growth and capability over
time, as function of both
maturation and interaction
with the environment
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH
The term is used in
purely physical
sense. It generally
refers to increase in
size, length.
DEVELOPMENT
Development
implies overall
change in shape,
form or structure
resulting in improved
working or
Changes in the
functioning.
quantitative aspects Changes in the
come into the domain quality or character
of Growth.
rather than the
quantitative aspects
GROWTH
DEVELOPMENT
It is a part of
developmental
process.
Development in its
quantitative aspect
is termed as growth.
Growth does not
continue throughout
life. It stops when
maturity has been
attained.
It is a
comprehensive and
wider term and
refers to overall
changes in the
individual.
Development is a
wider and
comprehensive term
and refers to overall
changes in the
individual. It
continues throughout
GROWTH
DEVELOPMENT
Growth involves
body changes.
Development
involves changes of
an orderly, coherent
type tending towards
the goal of maturity.
Development
implies improvement
in functioning and
behavior and hence
bring qualitative
changes which are
difficult to be
The changes
produced by growth
are the subject of
measurement. They
may be quantified.
GROWTH
Growth is
cellular . It takes
place due to the
multiplication of
cells.
DEVELOPMENT
Development
is organizational.
It is
organization of
all the parts
which growth
and
differentiation
Growth may or have produced.
Development
may not bring
PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Development
is a continous
process from
conception to
maturity
Development depends on the
maturation and myelination of
nervous system.
The sequence of the development is
the same for all children, but the rate
of development varies from child to
child
Certain primitive reflexes
anticipate corresponding
voluntary movement and
have to be lost before the
voluntary movement
develops
Developme
nt follows a
direction
and uniform
pattern
Generalized mass activity given
way to specific individual response
Principle of hierarchical integration
Development lacks uniformity of
rate
Development proceeds from general
to specific responses
Principle of independence of systems
Most traits of development are
correlated
Development is cumulative
Development is a result of interaction of
Maturation and Learning
Development is a product of
contribution of Heredity and
Environment
FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
FETAL GROWTH
Genetic potential
Sex
Fetal hormones
Fetal growth factors
Placental factors
Maternal factors
POST NATAL PERIOD
Sex
IUGR
Genetic factors
Hormonal influences
Nutrition
Infections
Chemical agents
Traumate
SOCIAL FACTORS:
Socioeconomic level
Poverty
Natural resources
Climate
Emotional factors
Cultural factors
Parental education
LAWS OF GROWTH
Growth and development
in children is a continuous
and orderly process
Growth pattern of every
individual is unique
Different patterns in the
body grow at different
DEVELOPMENTAL AGE PERIODS
Infancy
Neonate
Birth to 1 month
Infancy
1 month to 1 year
Early Childhood
Toddler
1-3 years
Preschool
3-6 years
Middle Childhood
School age
6 to 12 years
Late Childhood
Adolescent
13 years to approximately 18 years
SOMATIC GROWTH
SKELETAL GROWTH
BONE AGE ESTIMATION
ERUPTION OF TEETHS
ERRUPTION OF TEETH
ERRUPTION OF PRIMARY
TEETH
UPPER
ARCH
LOWER
ARCH
CENTRAL
INCISORS
LATERAL
INCISORS
CANINE
10 MONTHS
8 MONTHS
11 MONTHS
13 MONTHS
19 MONTHS
2O MONTHS
FIRST MOLAR
16YEARS
16 YEARS
SECOND
MOLAR
29 YEARS
27 YEARS
PERMANENT TEETH
Molar
6 to 7 years
Central and lateral incisors 6 to 8 years
Canines and premolars
9 to 12 years
Second molars
12 years
Third molars
18 years or later
CLASSIC STAGE THEORIES
FREUDS PSYCHO SEXUAL THEORY
INFANCY
ORAL
TODDLERHOOD
ANAL
PRE SCHOOL
PHALLIC
SCHOOL AGE
LATENCY
ADOLESCENCE
GENITAL
PSYCHO SOCIAL THEORY
INFANCY
BASIC TRUST VS
MISTRUST
TODDLERHOOD
AUTONOMY VS SHAME
AND DOUBT
PRE SCHOOL
INITIATIVE VS GUILT
SCHOOL AGE
INDUSTRY VS
INFERIORITY
ADOLESCENCE
IDENTITY VS ROLE
DIFFUSION
TRUST VS MISTRUST
INFANCY
VIRTUE: HOPE
AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT
TODDLERS
VIRTUE: WILL
MAIN QUESTION : CAN I DO THINGS
MYSELF OR MUST I ALWAYS RELY ON
OTHERS?
INITIATIVE VS GUILT
PRE SCHOOLERS
VIRTUE : PURPOSE
MAIN QUESTION : AM I GOOD OR
BAD?
INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY
CHILDHOOD
VIRTUE: COMPETANCE
QUESTION: AM I SUCCESSFUL OR
WORTHLESS?
IDENTITY VS ROLE
CONFUSION
ADOLESCENTS
QUESTION: WHO AM I AND WHERE
AM I GOING?
EGO QUALITY: FIDELITY
INTIMACY VS ISOLATION
YOUNG ADULTS
20- 34YEARS
QUESTION: AM I LOVED AND
WANTED?
VIRTUE : LOVE
GENERATIVITY VS
STAGNATION
MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
VIRTUE: CARE
QUESTION : WILL I PRODUCE
SOMETHING OF REAL VALUE?
PIAGET: 4 STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT
Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Preoperations (2-7 years)
Concrete Operations (7-12
years)
Formal Operations (12 and up)
SENSORY MOTOR
Understand the world
through senses and
motor actions
Develop object
permanence at stage
end
At 9 months, can
imitate
SENSORY MOTOR PHASE
3 EVENTS
SEPARATION
OBJECT PERMANANCE
SYMBOL OR MENTAL REPRESENTATION
SYMBOL OR MENTAL
REPRESENTATION
HAS 6 STAGES
USE OF REFLEX (BIRTH 1 MONTH)
PRIMARY CIRCULAR REACTION ( 1-4
MONTH)
SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTION ( 4-8
MONTH)
COORDINATION OF SECONDARY
SCHEMES
TERTIARY CIRCULAR REACTION( 13- 18
MONTHS)
MENTAL COMBINATION (19-24 MONTHS)
PRE OPERATIVE
Think about things not
present
Fantasy play
Thinking egocentric,
dominated by
perception
CONCRETE OPERATIONS
Can manipulate
ideas
Understand
reversibility
Can do
conservation
and
classification
FORMAL OPERATIONS
Can do abstract &
hypothetical
reasoning
Can reason
contrary to
experience
MAY be found only
in people's areas of
expertise!
KOHLBERG THEORY
3 LEVELS OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
PRE CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
POST CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
PRE CONVENTIONAL
MORALITY
STAGE I
CHILD IS
OBEDIENCE
PUNISHMENT
ORIENTED
STAGE II
CHILD CONFIRM
THE SOCIAL
EXPECTATION TO
GAIN REWARD
CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
MORALITY OF CONVENTIONAL RULES
AND CONFIRMITY
2 STAGES
GOOD BOY MORALITY
AVOID SOCIAL DISAPPROVAL
POST CONVENTIONAL
MORALITY
MORALITY OF SELF ACCEPTED
PRINCIPLES
2 STAGES
MORALITY SHOULD BE MODIFIABLE
SOCIAL STANDARDS AND INTERNALISED
IDEAS TO AVOID SELF CENSURE
KOHLBERGS THEORY
TODDLER
PRE
CONVENTIONAL
PRE SCHOOL
CONVENTIONAL
SCHOOL AGE
CONVENTIONAL
ADOLESCENCE
POST
CONVENTIONAL
BEHAVIOURAL THEORY
THEORY OF INTERPERSONAL
DEVELOPMENT
PROPOSED BY SULLIVAN
FIRST INTERACTION WITH MOTHERS
EXTENDS TO OTHER FAMILY
MEMBERS BY THE AGE OF 2 YRS
EXTENDS TO NEIGHBOURS, PEERS AT
SCHOOL AND HORIZONTAL WIDENS
NORMAL GROWTH
AND DEVELOPMENT
DURING
INFANCY
GROSS MOTOR
DEVELOPMENT
6 WEEKS
DEVELOP HEAD
CONTROL
20 WEEKS
COMPLETE NECK
CONTROL
6 MONTHS CHILD
CAN BEAR ALMOST
ALL HIS WEIGHT
9 MONTHS- _
begins to stand
holding on the
furniture
10 11 months
start cruising
around the
furniture
12- 13 months _
stands
independently.
13- 15 months _
start walking
independently
18 months _ runs
FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Hand eye
coordinatio
n
12-20 weeks child
observes his own
hands (hand
regard)
4 months hand of
the children come
Offer a red cube to the child
5-6 months : infant reaches and holds the
cube in a crude manner using the ulnar
aspect of his hand
6-7 months : transfer objects from one hand
to other
8-9 months : child is able to grasp from the
radial side of the hand
1 year : mature grasp ( index finger and
thumb) is evident
By offering pellets, finer hand skills are assessed
9-10 months : child approaches the
pellet by an index finger and lifts it
using thumb opposition
HAND TO MOUTH
COORDINATION
6 months : child
can take a
biscuit to his
mouth and chew
1 year : tries to
feed self from a
cup but spills
some of the
content
DRESSING
1 year : child
starts to pull
off mittens,
caps and
socks
PERSONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND GENERAL UNDERSTANDING
1 month _ child
intently
watches his
mother when
she talks to him
6-8
weeks :
social
smile
3 months :
enjoys looking
around and
recognizes the
mother
6 months :
vocalizes and
smiles at his
mirror image
and imitates
6-7 months :
stranger anxiety
9 months : waves
bye- bye. Repeats
any performance
that evokes an
appreciative
response from the
observers
1 year : he can
understand simple
questions like
where is your
papa?
LANGUAGE
1 month alerts to sound
3 month coos ( musical vowel sounds)
4 months laugh aloud
6 months monosyllables (ba- pa da),
ah- goo sounds
9 months bisyllables (mama, baba,
dada)
12 months 1-2 words words with
meaning
VISION
1 month baby can fixate on his mother as
she talks to him
3-4 months : child can fixate intently on an
object shown to him (grasping with eye)
6 weeks : binocular vision begins and is
well established by 4 months
6 months : child adjusts his position to
follow object of interest
1 year : follow rapidly moving objects
HEARING
3-4 months : child turns his head
towards the source of sound
5-6 months : child turns the head to
one side and then downward if a
sound is made sound below the level
of ears.
10 months : child directly looks at
the source of diagonally
PSYCHO SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
TRUST VS MISTRUST
RADIUS OF SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP
Proposed by
Sullivan
Maternal person
( unipolar bipolar)
COGNITIVE STAGE
Proposed by Piaget
Sensory motor
THANK
YOU
