Circuit Isolation Techniques
& TI Isolation Technology
Presented By: Saleem Marwat
Business Development Manager
Isolation Products
Industrial Interface
Agenda
Technical Review
Markets and Applications
Competitive Advantages
Product Portfolio
Q&A
Technical Review
Signal Isolation
The Real
World
Position
TRANSCEIVERS
RS-485/ CAN
Flow
Pressure
Sound
ADC
ISOLATION
Temperature
Speed
PLC
DSP
Light
Humidity
DIGITAL
INTELLIGENCE
What is Isolation ?
Galvanic isolation:
Although Circuit 1 and Circuit 2 exchange signals, no current
(electrons) pass from Circuit 1 to Circuit 2.
Why is isolation required in electrical systems?
Break ground loops
Reduce common mode noise
Safety from high voltages
Voltage supply 1
Circuit 1
Ground 1
Voltage supply 2
Signals
Circuit 2
Ground 2
Isolation Benefits
1)
Electrical Installation can cause large
GPDs (ground potential difference)
between two remote nodes.
2)
A direct ground connection between the
nodes closes the ground loop.
3)
Noise sources (i.e. electric motors)
inducing large currents into the ground
modulate the ground loop current.
4)
This ground noise then appears in the
signal path.
1)
An isolator breaks the ground loop,
thus removing signal path noise.
2)
The GPD yet still exists and the
isolator must be robust enough to
withstand the large voltage
differences.
Why Isolate?? - Other reasons
Data
120
CAN
Group loop
isolation
ISO
SN65HVD233
ISO7221C
120
CAN
ISO
SN65HVD233
ISO7221C
Noise
isolation
TMP101
DSP
DSP
OPA333
SN75477
ISO
ISO721
Block High
Voltage
ISO
120V
Amp
ADS1255
24-Bit
ISO7241A
LVC2G06
Fan
ISO
Sensor
TMS 320 F2810
DSP
with CAN
Controller
ISO7220M
Amp
Amp
Motor
480V
Data Isolation
Common-Mode Transient Event
Signals referenced
to GND2
CMTI The change in ground 1 relative ground 2. Measured in kV / Sec.
Key methods of Isolation
Ewald Georg von Kleist
invented the first recorded
capacitor 1745
Michael Faraday
demonstrated the
transformer principle in 1831
Zarlink Invented the
opto-coupler (1968)
Others
Sound, RF, light,
Mechanical, etc
Isolation Techniques
(Its all capacitive)
Source: TI App note SLLA198
www.ti.com/iso721
(Click on above link for web info)
Capacitive
GMR
Inductive
Optical
Capacitive
ISO72X
Inductive
ADuM1xx
GMR
IL7x
Optical
HCPL-07xx
CIO
1 pF
1 pF
1.1 pF
0.6 pF
Isolation
Dielectric
SiO2
Polyimide
Polyimide
Mold compound
All isolated couplers are capacitive coupled (active or parasitic)
CIO for any type is comparable
Some History
Burr Brown Announces Industry-First Isolated Digital Coupler Using Capacitive
Barrier Technology.
Article from: Business Wire Dated: August 19, 1998
Coplanar
Capacitor
Technology
Technical Innovation by TI with regard to capacitive isolation technology improvements
is impressive!!
How are they constructed?
Transmit - Chip
Receiver - Chip
HV-Cap
High Voltage Capacitor Detail
Mold compound
Bond wire
Top plate = Al
Inter Level Dielectric
(Tons of SiO2)
Min 14 m
Bottom Plate = Silicon Substrate (doped)
Internal Construction
ISO72x: Integrated at process level
Optical: Isolation functionality added at package level
ADuM1100: Integrated at process level
How do they work?
The LF channel assures correct output signal polarity during loss of input signal (i.e. wire-break)
HF and LF channels use differential signaling for high noise immunity
In the new architecture, all signal transitions go through the High-Frequency Channel.
High-Frequency Channel
for a 50:50 duty cycle
Low-Frequency Channel
Between A and D, the LF-channel works
in the same way the HF channel does.
The only differences are the pulse-width
modulation at the beginning and the
demodulation at the end.
Terminology
Working or Operating Voltage (Vpk):
Voltage that may be applied continuously across the Isolation barrier, mostly 560Vpk or 890Vpk
Isolation or Transient Voltage (Vrms):
Voltage that may occur temporarily across the barrier tested for 1 minute during qualification, for example 4kVpk &
6kVpk per VDE or 2.5kVrms & 5 kVrms per UL
Basic or Functional Isolation:
- assumes a single level of isolation of certain strength
- is applicable for most industrial applications and AC-equipment 400Vrms, and for consumer electronics.
- is mostly rated at 560Vpk continuous, 4kVpk transient voltage.
Reinforced Isolation:
- assumes a single level of isolation providing the same reliability as a two-layer isolation.
- is applicable for most medical applications and AC-equipment > 400Vrms.
- for component-level reinforced rating, VDE requires 10 kVpk surge voltage.
Common Mode Transient Immunity:
CMTI is the quick change in Reference potential from primary to secondary. Its given as the dV/dt up to
which no false toggling of the output will occur (e.g. 35kV/us). Usually scales linearly with Vcc.
Partial Discharge (PD):
- Is a localized dielectric breakdown of a small portion of an insulation system under high voltage stress, which
does not bridge the space between two conductors.
- It is measured in pico-coulombs using Apparent Charge method. 100% units are production-tested for PD.
- Epoxy is more susceptible to partial discharge due to voids; SiO 2 is much more resilient.
Creepage and Clearance
Discusses the surface-distance that may conduct if wet/polluted, respectively the airdistance. For 560V/4kV mostly 5mm is sufficient, for 890V/6kV mostly 8mm is needed.
Depends on pollution degree
Creepage distance: Shortest distance
between two conductive leads, across
isolation barrier, measured along surface
of insulation.
Package/ designation
Clearance distance: Shortest distance
between two conductive leads , across
isolation barrier, measured through air
(line of sight).
Creepage mm
Clearance mm
Narrow body SOIC/ D
4.3
4.8
Gull wing / DUB
6.8
6.1
Wide body SOIC/ DW
8.1
8.34
Discovery Questions
to allow educated solution-proposals
1. Isolation strength:
basic/reinforced?
2. Isolation voltage:
4kVpeak, 560Vpk continuous?
6kVpeak, 890Vpk continuous?
3. Stand-alone isolation or integration (Transceiver,
Gate-Driver, Data-Converter)?
4. Supply Voltages?
5. Channel-count & channel direction?
6. What is the transient immunity requirement? (CMTI)
Markets/Applications
Applications utilizing Isolation
Industrial:
Robotics
PLC input/output isolation
Industrial networks
Motor control
Power supplies
Primary Task:
Isolation between High-Power and Control Signals
Isolation of Bus-Nodes to prevent Corruption
of the complete Bus & Common Mode Rejection
Applications utilizing Isolation
Medical:
Microwave therapy
Patient monitoring
Electrocardiographs
Defibrillators
Communications:
PBX (Private Branch Exchange)
and central office
Primary Task:
Telephone terminal equipment
Medical:
Isolation between Power and Patient Telephone switching equipment
Modems
Communications:
Isolation between Power and Caller ISDN
Isolation of Bus-Nodes to prevent
Ethernet / PoE
Corruption of the complete Bus
Applications utilizing Isolation
Consumer Electronics:
Video (TV, VCR, etc.)
Plasma displays
Electronic gaming
Home appliances
Primary Task:
Isolation between High-Power and User
Computers & Office Equipment
Isolated I/O
Printers and plotters
Fax machines
Competitive Analysis
Specs and Reliability Comparison
Opto
(Avago)
Magnetic
(ADI)
Capacitiv
e
(Si Labs)
Capacitiv
e
(TI)
Max Data Rate (Mbps)
50
150
150
150
Typ Power Consumed/Ch @ 25Mbps & 3.3V (mA)
16
3.4
2.7
Max Propagation Delay Time (ns)
22
32
13
12
Pulse Width Distortion (ns)
4.5
1.5
Channel-to-Channel skew (ns)
16
2.0
2.5
1.6
Part-to-Part Skew (ns)
20
10
4.5
ESD on all Pins (kV)
Minimum CM Transient Immunity (kV/us)
20
25
25
25
Temperature Range (oC)
-45..125
-40..125
-40..125
-40..125
MTBF @ 125oC, 90% Confidence (Hrs)
6.92E+0
4
3.17E+0
7
1.65E+09
14391
31.55
0.6
Fails*
Fails*
Fails*
Fails*
Complies
Complies
FIT@ 125oC, 90% Confidence (per 1E+09 hrs)
Radiated Electromagnetic-Field Immunity
IEC61000-4-3 (80MHz-1000MHz)
MIL-STD 461E RS103 (30MHz-1000MHz)
*High-Voltage
Devices passed
the minimum
criteria set
by some standards. See- details later<in10
the presentation.
Lifetime
Expectancy
(yrs)
> 60*
> 28
Competitive Analysis ICC1
TI Isolators have excellent power consumption throughout its operating range.
Data shown above is taken in the lab on the same setup to ensure apples-toapples comparison.
Competitive Analysis ICC2
TI Isolators have excellent power consumption throughout its operating range.
Data shown above is taken in the lab on the same setup to ensure apples-toapples comparison.
Competitive Analysis Propagation Delay
TI has isolators with very fast propagation delays (M-grade) and devices with
integrated input noise filters (C-grade).
Data shown above is taken in the lab on the same setup to ensure apples-toapples comparison.
Dielectric Materials Used for Isolation
SiO2: ISO72x Typical BV is 1000 Vpeak/um
Inorganic
Highly Stable (over temperature, moisture, time), high quality
Used extensively and for long time as dielectric in semiconductor
(low defect rates)
Deposited in a controlled semiconductor process
Polyimide: ADI Transformer core Typical BV is 250 Vpeak/um
Organic
Retains moisture affects lifetime especially at high voltages
Used in semiconductor mainly for stress relief & now as isolation
barrier
Epoxy: Opto-couplers: Typical BV is 50 Vpeak/um
Uses filler materials
Leaky (higher partial discharge)
Applied at packaging as mold compound
Voids and anomalies are common
High Voltage Lifetime TDDB
(time dependent dielectric breakdown)
High Voltage Lifetime
Temperature and Voltage Effect
Competitive Comparison
High Voltage Lifetime
1/E or Best Fit Curve Model
Source:
TI: App note SLLA197 www.ti.com/iso721
Avago: App note AN1074 www.avagotech.com
ADI: Marketing collateral
Competitive Comparison
High Voltage Lifetime
Using widely accepted E-Model methodology
ISO72x: Life expectancy is 28 years at
560Vpeak or 400Vrms
Competition: Life expectancy < 10 years
ISO72x
ADUM1100
Fail-OPEN vs. Fail-SHORT Myth
ALL dielectric barriers fail-SHORT when a sufficiently large breakdown voltage is applied
OPTO-COUPLER (HCPL-0721)
MAGNETIC-COUPLER (ADuM1200ARZ)
Fail-OPEN vs. Fail-SHORT Myth (cont.)
CAPACITIVE-COUPLER (ISO7421D)
Detailed Failure Analysis report is available upon request.
E-field immunity Test Report
EN55022 Class B Radiations Testing
1Mbps: Comparison of Radiated Noise Spectrum Antenna Horizontal
ADuM1201: 1Mbps
operation @ 5V Vcc
ISO7221: 1Mbps
operation @ 5V Vcc
EN55022 Class B Radiation Testing
25Mbps: Comparison of Radiated Noise Spectrum Antenna Horizontal
ADuM1201: 25Mbps
operation @ 5V Vcc
ISO7221: 25Mbps
operation @ 5V Vcc
E-field susceptibility Test Report
TI
Isolator
ADI
Isolator
E-field susceptibility Test Report
TI Isolator
Si Labs
Isolator
Competitive Comparison
Magnetic Immunity
IEC 61000-4-8
1KHz Field Frequency
106 x higher Immunity than ADI
Product Portfolio
Digital Interface Isolation - Portfolio
Single Channel Signal Isolators:
ISO72x
4000Vpeak Isolation
560Vpeak continuous
Signaling Rate Options
(ISO721/2: 100Mbps, ISO721/2M: 150 Mbps)
UL 1577, IEC 60747-5-2 (VDE 0884, Rev. 2),
IEC 61010-1 and CSA Approved
3.3V/5V Operation (any combination)
25 kV/s Transient Immunity and
High Electromagnetic Immunity
Failsafe Output and High Impedance at Input and Output with
Low Vcc
Multi-Channel Stand-alone Isolators: Duals
x designates speed option: A = 1Mbps; B = 5Mbps; C = 25Mbps; M =
150Mbps
Multi-Channel Stand-alone Isolators: Duals
Low Power
x designates
Speed option: E = >50Mbps &
Default Output: F = Low, No letter = High
Multi-Channel Stand-alone Isolators:
Triples
x
x designates speed option: A = 1Mbps; C = 25Mbps; M = 150Mbps
All in DW package
Multi-Channel Stand-alone Isolators:
Quad-channel
x
x designates speed option: A = 1Mbps; C = 25Mbps; M = 150Mbps
All in DW package
Isolated 485 Transceivers
ISO308x, ISO1x, ISO3x Standard RS-485
3.3V and 5V
half-duplex and full-duplex
(176 and 180 configuration)
1Mbps and 25Mbps
no ISODE output
ISO1176 : Isolated ProfiBus
5V
half-duplex
25Mbps
optimized for Profibus-Applications
ISODE available
Isolated CAN Transceiver
ISO1050
5V CAN transceiver
ISO11898 compliant
3.3V/5V isolated logic interface
High EM Immunity
15kV/us transient immunity
Bus fault protection of -27V to 40V
Dominant timeout function
Thermal Shutdown protection
High Input impedance with low Vcc
1Mbps
ISO RS-485 with Transformer Driver
Part #
Duplex
Function
Speed
Package
ISO1176T
Half
Profibus
40Mbps
SOIC-16 (DW)
ISO35T
Full
3V
RS485
1Mbps
SOIC-16 (DW)
ISO3086T
Full
5V
RS485
20Mbps
SOIC-16 (DW)
ISO5500
Isolated IGBT Driver with integrated safety features
Silicon Integrated SiO2 Dielectric Capacitor
DESAT protection - fault feedback, soft turn
off, UVLO
200ns typ. prop delay, 10ns max pulse skew
4KV ESD on All Pins
3.3V and 5V Vcc1 Supported
Extended Temp Range: -40oC to 125oC
6000Vpk Transient / 1200Vpk Working voltage
- Wide SOIC Packages
- UL1577, IEC 60747-5-2, IEC 61010-1 & CSA
Industrial Motor Control
Industrial Power Supplies/ Inverters
HEV & EV power modules
E
V
M
ISO EVM - ISO5500
Proven Reliability of SiO2 Dielectric,
- Life Span > 25 years
Improved safety & system performance
Fast switching times
High Reliability in Harsh Environments
Flexibility with Power Supplies, enabling low
power application
Certified by all 3 World Wide agencies
SN6501 Transformer Driver for Isolated
Power Supplies
Released
Transformer Driver for Small 12V-s Transformers
Single 3.3V or 5V Supply
High Primary Side Current Drive:
350 mA max (5V Supply)
150 mA max (3.3V Supply)
Extremely low ICC
300 uA typ (5V Supply)
150 uA typ (3.3V Supply)
Low Ripple Permits Small Output Capacitors
Small 5-pin SOT-23 (2.9mm x 2.8mm) Package
Isolated Interface Power Supply
for CAN, RS-485, RS-422, RS-232,
SPI, I2C, Low-Power LAN
Industrial Automation
Process Control
Medical Equipment
Suitable for vast variety of applications
Ease of Isolated Power Design
Provides power to more than one component
Power efficient solution
High quality yet cheaper solution cost
Smaller board size compared to competing
solutions
ISO1540 / ISO1541
4 kVPK, Low-Power Bidirectional I2C Isolators
Isolated I2C, SMBus, PMBus Interfaces
Open-drain Network Interfaces
Power Over Ethernet
Power Supplies
Battery Management
Motor Control Systems
Level Shifting and Hot Swap Apps
Release
Aug 2012
Reduces Cost and Board Space
Single & Multi-Master Applications
Usable in Vast Majority of Applications
Ease of Use
Better reliability, immunity than Competition
Proven Reliability of SiO2 Dielectric, Stable
over Temperature & Moisture Isolation Life
Span > 25 years
Suitable for harsh Industrial Environments
Industry Standard Footprint. Compatible
with ADuM1250/1, Si8400/1 & Si8600/1
ISO1540
VCC1 1
SDA1 2
SCL1 3
GND1 4
ISO1541
8 VCC2
VCC1 1
7 SDA2
SDA1 2
6 SCL2
SCL1 3
5 GND2
GND1 4
8 VCC2
Isolation
Bidirectional I2C Communication
Uni- & Bidirectional Clock Options
Fast Mode Plus (1 Mbps) Operation
3-V to 5.5-V Operation
50 kV/s Typical Transient Immunity
4000 VPK VDE Isolation Rating
IEC, UL 1577, CSA certifications
8 kV ESD Protection on Bus Pins
Extended Temp Range -40C to 125C
8-pin Narrow-body SOIC package
Isolation
Samples
Now
7 SDA2
6 SCL2
5 GND2
Motor Control reference design
PLC reference design
Isolated CAN reference design
TI Makes Isolators Easy to Use
Get Started Today
Evaluation modules
Samples
Applications support
IBIS models
Data sheets
Technical documentation
Application notes on:
High-Voltage Lifetime
Magnetic Field Immunity
ISO72x Family of Digital
Isolators
Complements TIs industrial
product portfolio: interface,
data converter, DSP, MCU,
amplifier, power & logic
Questions?
Singles, Duals, Triples, Quads
SINGLES
DUALS
TRIPLES
QUADS
Isolated Transceivers
Thank You!
