MODELOS Y MTODOS DE
ENSEANZA DE LA L2:
REVISIN HISTRICA
Jos Ruiz Mas
Mster de Profesorado de Secundaria
Obligatoria, Bachillerato, Formacin
Profesional y Enseanza de Idiomas
2010-11
CONTENTS
Topics for preliminary discussion
Ancient methodologies for language teaching
Approaches to the teaching of modern languages
in the 19th century
The Grammar-Translation method
Direct or Natural methods
20th century methodologies
The Berlitz School
Basic English
The Reading Method
The Army Specialized Training Program
Structuralist methodologies: the Oral Approach/the
Situational Language Teaching Approach/the AudioLingual Approach
Notional/Functional methodologies
Recent approaches in the teaching of modern
languages
- The impact of Transformational-Generative Grammar in FLT/SLT
- Communicative methodologies
- General theories on the learning and the acquisition of a foreign language and their
incidence on the Communicative Approach
- Krashens Monitor Model and the Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
- Krashens Input Hypothesis
-McLaughins and Bialystoks Responses
-Pidginization
-The concept of Interlanguage
-The treatment of error in the communicative approach
-Definitions of error and mistake
-Error analysis
-Sources of errors
-Transitional constructions
-The Communicative Competence
- Alternative ELT approaches: the Community Language Learning, the Silent Way, the
Total Physical Response, Suggestopedia
Language Teaching in
the 21st century
- The Lexical Approach
- Content-Based Instruction
- Cooperative Learning
- Neurolinguistic Programming
and the Multiple Intelligence
Theory
- CALL
Cerezal Sierra, Fernando. 1995. Foreign Language Teaching Methods. A Handbook for TEFL,
by N. McLaren and D. Madrid (eds.). Alcoy, Alicante: Marfil. 161-186.
Cook, V. 1991. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. London: Edward Arnold.
Davison, Jon and Jane Downson. 2003. Learning to Teach English in the Secondary School. A
Companion to School Experience. London and New York: Routledge Falmer.
Elizabeth, M.E.S. 2007 (2004). Methods of Teaching of English. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing
House.
Howatt, A.P.R. (with H.G. Widdowson). 2004 (1984). A History of English Language Teaching.
Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Hubbard, Peter, Hywel Jones, Barbara Thornton and Rod Wheeler. 1985 (1983). A Training
Course for TEFL. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 2000. Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. (Teaching
Techniques in English as a Second Language). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Madrid, Daniel. 1995. The FL Teacher. A Handbook for TEFL, by N. McLaren and D. Madrid
(eds.). Alcoy, Alicante: Marfil. 107-128.
Martn-Gamero, Sofa. 1961. La enseanza del ingls en Espaa. (Desde la edad media hasta el
siglo XIX). Madrid: Gredos.
Ministerio de Educacin y Ciencia. 1992. Lenguas Extranjeras: Secundaria Obligatoria. Madrid:
Ministerio de Educacin y Ciencia.
Richard, Jack C., Theodore S. Rodgers. 2001. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
_____ and Willy A. Renandya (eds.). 2002. Methodology in Language Teaching: an Anthology of
Current Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shamsi, Nayyer. 2005 (2004). Modern Teaching of English. New Delhi: Anmol Publications PTV.
LTD.
Stern, H. H. 2003 (1983). Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford and New York:
Oxford University Press.
Widdowson, H. G. 1990. Aspects of Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yule, George. 1990 (1985). The Study of Language. An Introduction. Cambridge, New York, Port
Chester, Melbourne, Sydney: Cambridge University Press.
Zaro, Juan Jess y Marcos Rodrguez Espinosa. 1995. Gua de materiales para ingls.
Educacin Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato. Mlaga: Editorial Arguval.
TOPICS FOR PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION
When learning English, what did you find
caused
the
greatest
difficulty
pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar or
something else? Why?
Do you believe there is a best age for
beginning to learn a second language?
How about a best personality?
Do you think some languages are easier
to learn than others? Why?
Is English the language of the future?
Why/why not?
They say that studies
indicate many teachers
core beliefs about
teaching were formed
by the teachers they
had when they were
children. Is that true?
a) Our informal childhood language learning (first and second language)
at home.
b) The way we were taught languages at school and how we responded
to such teaching.
c) Other formal or informal second language learning experience as an
adult.
d) What people in our milieu think and say about languages, language
learning, and speakers of other languages.
e) Language training at university, or other language related activities in
higher education.
f) Any formal language teacher training we may have had.
g) Our past and present language teaching experience.
i) Discussions with other language teachers, professional conferences, inservice training, meetings of teachers associations.
j) Reading on language pedagogy, including books or articles in
professional or popular reviews.
Are we teaching the way we were taught, or
are we reacting in our own teaching against
experiences we have had?
How would you say we teachers can
achieve effective learning in our
students?
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE TEACHING:
a) Instruction is guided by a pre-planned curriculum.
b) There are high expectations for student learning.
c) Students are carefully oriented to lessons.
d) Instruction is clear and focused.
e) Learning progress is monitored closely.
f) When students do not understand, they are re-taught.
g) Class time is used for learning.
h) There are smooth and efficient classroom routines.
i) Instructional groups formed in the classroom fit instructional needs.
j) Standards for classroom behaviour are high.
k) Personal interactions between teachers and students are positive.
l) Incentives and rewards for students are used to promote excellence.
What are the roles of the
perfect English teacher?
What are the ideal personality
traits of the perfect teacher?
How can we evaluate an
English teachers performance?
THE ROLES OF THE PERFECT ENGLISH TEACHER
Informant: provides suitable input, explains the use of the linguistic elements,
teaches cultural elements (assumed intellectual capacity and assumed
ability for transmission of knowledge)
Facilitator/mediator/monitor: of meaningful learning experiences
Diagnoser: of interests and needs
Conductor: class dynamics
Motivator: generator of positive attitudes
Develop oral and written skills and communicative procedures and
strategies (including the students learning autonomy)
Emphasizing values
Corrector
Evaluator (through continuous assessment and by encouraging the students
self-assessment) of the learning processes and final product. Objective
examiner.
Self-evaluation
Researcher
THE PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERFECT TEACHER
(i.e., personality traits expected in a good foreign language teacher)
Vocational
Dynamic and outgoing, enthusiastic, cheerful, good sense of humour
Humanistic interest
Willing to receive in-service training and update his/her knowledge and
teaching resources
Have charisma, special charm
Kind and respectful (should he/she call students by their first names?)
Patient, controls his/her temper
Honest
Create a pleasant atmosphere in class: avoid tension and anxiety in
class
Help students to create a positive self-image about themselves and
about their capabilities
Well-dressed, neat clothes, tidy appearance
ASSESSING THE ENGLISH TEACHERS
PERFORMANCE
Appropriateness of objectives
Adequate selection of contents
Preparation of the teaching points
Presentation of the lesson: clarity and pace
Adaptation to the students needs and interests
Encourages participation and attention of students
Motivation and affective factors
Teacher-student interaction
Variety of activities
Variety of evaluative techniques
Use of the FL
Use of audiovisuals and/or other resources
How were you taught
English?
What is the perfect
method?
What is the point of
studying the history of
ELT approaches and
methodologies?
http://www. http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-nySBJGhcc&feature=c
hannel
(vaughan-berlitz)
http://www.vayatele.com/la-tele-de-ayer/follow-me-n
ostalgia-tv
(follow me)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bs6LUyiojr0
(muzzy introduction)
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhUMKL2ovuw&feature=
related
(muzzy big chunk)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=6f_FtzgL9y4&feature=channel
