Flux and MMF Phasors

The flux produced by field winding

MMF is sinusoidal
MMF

Flux is sinusoidal
1

No of
conductors

3
2 4

3 1
4 2
Therefore, Induced
armature voltage is
sinusoidal.

Flux and MMF Phasors

Consider cylindrical rotor alternator operation.
Case 1: No Load Operation
Alternator is rotated at syn speed by prime mover
Field wdg is excited
Armature voltage is induced which is given by
Va0=Vt0=Ef=4.44 f Tph f Kw
Ef= No load voltage, Excitation voltage or Excitation emf.
Tph= Turns per phase of arm wdg.
f = Flux per pole produced by field winding
Kw= Winding Factor

Generated emf lags the flux by 900.

No Load Voltage,
Ef
Excitation Voltage

Ef
f

Axis of Field
Ff f

900

Alternator phasor diagram at no load

Case 2: Unity Power Factor Load

B1

Y2
Axis of Field

R1

R2

f
B2

Y1

Case 2: Unity Power Factor Load

N pole rotate anticlockwise
Conductor R1 moves clockwise.
Axis of armature
winding R1R2
Axis of Field

Y2

B1

S
Fa
a

R1

R2

f
B2

Y1
Emf is induced with dot polarity in R1 (RHR)
In R2 cross polarity

Case 2: Unity Power Factor Load

N pole rotate anticlockwise
Conductor R1 moves clockwise.
Axis of armature
Y2
winding R1R2
Resultant air gap flux
r
Axis of Field
R1

B1

S
a
N

R2

f
B2

Y1
Emf is induced with dot polarity in R1 (RHR)
In R2 cross polarity

Case 2: Unity Power Factor Load

Ef

Axis of armature
winding R1R2
Resultant air gap flux
r
Fr
Axis of Field

Fa
a

Ff
f

Ia

Time-phasor
diagram of Ef
and Ia at upf

Space-phasor diagram of mmf and flux

Case 2: Unity Power Factor Load

It is a Rotor which
Ef
has to move
clockwise
S
Ia
Attraction
r
Fa
Te
Fr
a
N
S
Ff
f
Repultion N
Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at upf

Case 2: Unity Power Factor Load

It is a Rotor which
Ef
Te and are in
has to move
opposite
clockwise
direction
Electromagnetic
torque Te is towards
S
Ia resultant mmf or flux.
Attraction
r
Fa
Field
poles
Te
Fr
a
are leading
N
S
to arm poles
Ff
Arm reaction
f
mmf is crossRepultion N
magnetizing at
upf.
Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at upf

Case 3: Zero Power Factor Lagging Load

Ef

Ff -Fa=Fr
f - a= r

Arm reaction mmf

is de-magnetizing
at zero pf lagging.

Te

r
Ff f

Fr

a Fa

Ia

Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at zero

pf lagging

Case 4: Zero Power Factor Leading Load

Ef
Ff +Fa=Fr
f + a= r

Te
Fr

Arm reaction mmf

is magnetizing at
zero pf leading.

Ia Fa
a
r
Ff f

Combined Space and Time phasor diagram at zero

pf leading

Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load

Load with lagging pf
is common load
Ef
Ff +Fa=Fr
f + a= r
Fr
Te

Ia
Fa

Ff f
Combined Space and Time Phasor Diagram
at Lagging Power Factor load

Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load

=90+

Two mmfs are sinusoidaly distributed along

the air gap periphery.
The relative velocity between the two mmfs
is zero.
Due to uniform air gap
Ia
r
a
f
Fa

a
r
Ff f

Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load

Er= Air gap voltage
Ef
=90+
r
Ff f

Er

900

Ia

Fa

Er
r

Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load

jIaXm
Ef
=90+

Ff f

jIaxl
Er

Ia

Er= Air gap voltage

Iara

From air gap voltage,

subtract leakage
impedance drop
jIaxl and Iara

Terminal voltage
Fa
or bus voltage is
a
Vt
obtained
In air gap voltage, add
Mutual Inductance
drop, jIaXm
No load voltage Ef is obtained

Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load

jIaXs
jIaXm jI x
a l
Ef
=90+

Er
Ia
Vt

Iara

Xm+xl =Xs

Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load

jIaXs
Ef
=90+
=90+ +
for generator
The angle between Ef and
Ia is =+, internal
displacement angle or
internal power factor
angle

Ia
Vt

Xm+xl =Xs
Thus voltage equation of
cyl. rotor generator is
Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs
For generator Ef leads Vt
Iara
The angle between Vt
and Ia is , power factor
angle
The angle between Vt
and Ef is , power angle,
torque angle or load
angle

Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load

jI X
a

Ef leads to Vt
for Generator

Ia r

=90+
=90+ +
for generator

Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs
Actualy variables are
phasors

f
E

t
V

E f Vt I a ra jI a X s

Ia

Case 5: Lagging Power Factor Load

=90+

Ef

=(90+ +) <180
for generator

jI
aX

Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs

Vt

If resistance is
neglected
Ef=Vt+jIaXs
Ia

Unity Power Factor

=90+
=90+ +
for generator

jIaXs
Ef

Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs

Vt

Ia

If resistance is
neglected
Ef=Vt+jIaXs

Leading Power Factor

=90+
Ef

Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXs

jI aX s

Vt

If resistance is
neglected
Ef=Vt+jIaXs

Ia

Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Motor

For motor arm current is
opposite wrt generator
Ia= -Ia
Axis of armature
Consider
B1
Y2
winding R1R2
lagging
N
current
Axis of Field
for Gen
Ia
R1
f
R2
N
S
r

-Ia

B2

Y1
Voltage applied with cross polarity to R1 (RHR) and
to R2 with dot polarity

Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Motor

It is a Rotor which
has to move
anticlockwise
Axis of armature
winding R1R2
N
Axis of Field

Repultion

r
Attraction

Ia

f
N

S
-Ia
S

Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Motor

It is a Rotor which
Te and are in
has to move
same direction
anticlockwise
Electromagnetic
Axis of armature
torque Te is towards
winding R1R2
resultant mmf or flux.
N
Repultion
Te is from N of
Axis of Field
Ia
field pole to S
f

N
S
of arm pole
Te

r
Attraction

-Ia
S

This is a motor operation

Field poles are

DRAGGED behind
the resultant air gap
flux or by arm poles.

Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Motor

jI X
a

Ia r

Vt
=90+
=90+ -
for motor

Ef

The angle between Ef and

Ia is =-, internal
displacement angle or
internal power factor
angle

Ia

Thus voltage equation of

cyl. rotor motor is
Vt=Ef+Iara+jIaXs
For motor Vt
leads to Ef
The angle between Vt
and Ia is , power factor
angle
The angle between Vt
and Ef is , power angle,
torque angle or load
angle

Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Motor

Vt

jI
aX

Vt

Ia

Vt=Ef+Iara+jIaXs

Ef

jI
aX

Ef

If resistance is
neglected
Vt=Ef+jIaXs
Ia
=(90+ ) <180
for motor

Phasor Diagram at Lagging Power Factor

Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Motor

Unity Power Factor

Vt

Vt=Ef+Iara+jIaXs

jIaXs
Ef

Ia

If resistance is
neglected
Vt=Ef+jIaXs
=(90+ ) <180
for motor

Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Motor

Leading Power Factor
Ef
s
X
jI a
Vt

Vt=Ef+Iara+jIaXs
If resistance is
neglected
Vt=Ef+jIaXs

Ia

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

In cyl rotor, air gap is uniform.
The arm flux is independent of spatial orientation
wrt field poles.
In salient pole, air gap is not uniform.
The reluctance along d axis is much smaller than
q axis.
The arm flux is greater along d axis than along q
axis.
Resolve arm mmf along d axis and along q axis.

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

D - Axis
Arm wdg along D-axis

ARMATURE MMF

ARMATURE
Q - Axis
Arm wdg along Q-axis
FIELD

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

In cyl rotor, air gap is uniform.
The arm flux is independent of spatial orientation
wrt field poles.
In salient pole, air gap is not uniform.
The reluctance along d axis is much smaller than
q axis.
The arm flux is greater along d axis than along q
axis.
Resolve arm mmf along d axis and along q axis.
So two mmf along d axis and one mmf along q
axis

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

Consider arm current Ia lagging to Ef by 900.
Ff -Fa=Fr
f - a= r
Te

Ef

Fr

r
Ff
f

a Fa

Combined Space and

Time phasor diagram

Ia

Demagnetizing action
Resultant flux decreases.

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

Consider arm current Ia leading to Ef by 900.
Ff +Fa=Fr
f + a= r
Te
Fr

Ef

r Ia Fa a
Ff
f

Combined Space and

Time phasor diagram

r
a
N

Magnetizing action
Resultant flux increases.

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

Consider arm current Ia is in phase with Ef.
Ff +Fa=Fr
f +a= r
Te

Ef

Ia
Fa
a

Ff
f
Combined Space and
Time phasor diagram

D
a
Saddle shape

Fa

Along q axis, air gap is max.

More reluctance, less flux

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

Consider arm current Ia is in phase with Ef.
D

Ef

f +a= r
Te

Ia
Fa
a

Ff
f
Combined Space and
Time phasor diagram

D
a
Saddle shape

Fa

Saddle flux consists of

Fundamental
& 3rd harmonic component

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

Consider arm current Ia is in phase with Ef.
Thus distorted resultant flux is obtained
Q
D
D
Ef

f +a= r
f
a
Ia
Fa
Saddle shape
Te
a
Ff
f
Combined Space and
Time phasor diagram

Fa

So emf consists of
fundamental & 3rd
harmonic component

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

Thus it can be concluded that
If Ia lags Ef by 900, then there is demagnetizing
action
If Ia leads Ef by 900, then there is magnetizing
action
If Ia is in phase with Ef, then resultant flux is
distorted containing 3rd harmonic flux.
In actual practice, Ia lags Ef due to industrial and
domestic load.
Arm mmf Fa produces effect on both axes d and
q.

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

Id=Iasin Iq=Iacos Fd=Fasin Fq=Facos
,
Ef
Iq
Ia
Fq
Fa
a

Ff
f

Fd Id

Two MMFs along d axis

One MMFs along q axis
The voltage drop due to
Id =jIdXd
jIdXd= jIdXmd+ jIdxdl
The voltage drop along q
axis=jIqXq
jIqXq= jIqXmq+ jIqxql

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

Id=Iasin Iq=Iacos
Ef
Fr

Iq
Fq

Ff
f

Fd=Fasin, Fq=Facos

Er jIaxl
I
r
a
Vt Ia a

Fa
a
Fd Id

Two MMFs along d axis

One MMFs along q axis
The voltage drop along d
axis=jIdXd
jIdXd= jIdXmd+ jIdxdl
The voltage drop along q
axis=jIqXq
jIqXq= jIqXmq+ jIqxql

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

jIqXmq
Ef
jIdXd
q
Id IdXd

Iq

jIdXmd
jIqxql
jIdxdl
Er
jIaxl
Iara
Vt
Ia
Id

jIqXq

IqXq
Iq

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

jIqXmq jIqxql
Ef
jIdXmd
jIdxdl

q
Iq
d

Vt

Iara

Ia
Id
jIdXd= jIdXmd+ jIdxdl
jIqXq= jIqXmq+ jIqxql

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

Voltage equation of
salient pole Syn Gen.
Ef=Vt +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq

jIqjIXX
mq jIqxql
q q
Ef
jIdXd
jIdXmd
jIdxdl

Iq

Simplified Phasor Diagram

for Lagging Power Factor

Vt

Iara

Ia =(90++) <180
Id
jIdXd= jIdXmd+ jIdxdl
jIqXq= jIqXmq+ jIqxql

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

Phasor Diagram for Unity Power Factor
Voltage equation of
salient pole Syn Gen.
Ef=Vt +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq
Ef leads to Vt for
generator
d

Ef

q
Iq

jIqXq

jIdXd

I ar a
Vt
Ia
=(90++) <180
=0
Id

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

Phasor Diagram for Leading Power Factor
Voltage equation of
salient pole Syn Gen.
Ef=Vt +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq

Ef

jIqXq

Vt

Ia
Iq

jIdXd
Iara

Id

=(90+[-]) <180

Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

Phasor Diagram for Leading Power Factor
Voltage equation of
salient pole Syn Gen.
Ef=Vt +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq

jIdXd
Ef jIqXq
q

Ia Iq

Id

Iara
Vt

=(90-[- ]) <180

Salient Pole Synchronous Motor

Iara
Voltage equation of
salient pole Syn Motor
Ia=-Ia, wrt Gen

jIdXd

Vt
Ef

Vt=Ef +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq

q
Iq

Vt leads to Ef by ,for motor

Consider Lagging Power
Factor operation

jIqXq

Phasor Diagram for

Lagging Power Factor

Ia
Id

=90+(-)<180

Salient Pole Synchronous Motor

Voltage equation of
salient pole Syn Motor
Ia=-Ia, wrt Gen

Iara jIqXq E
f
jIdXd
Vt

Vt=Ef +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq

Vt leads to Ef by ,for motor

Ia

Consider Unity Power

Factor operation

q
Iq

=0

Id

Phasor Diagram for

Unity Power Factor

=(90-) <180

Salient Pole Synchronous Motor

jIqXq
Voltage equation of
salient pole Syn Motor
Ia=-Ia, wrt Gen

I ar a

jIdXd

Vt

Vt=Ef +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq

Ia

Vt leads to Ef by ,for motor

Consider Leading Power
Factor operation

Ef

Phasor Diagram for

Leading Power Factor

q
Iq

Id
=(90--) <180

Salient Pole Synchronous Machines

Phasor Diagram of Saturated Machines
Saturation means more flux.
More flux is along d axis.
Under saturation
reactance is negligible.
So under saturation Xd is
negligible.
Value of Xq is fixed
Voltage eqn for Generator
Ef=Vt +Iara +jIaXq

Ef

jI X
a

Iara
q
Iq
d

Vt

Ia
Id

Phasor Diagram is Similar

to Cyl. Rotor Generator

Salient Pole Synchronous Machines

Phasor Diagram of Saturated Machines
jI X
a
Vt
q
Saturation means more flux.
Iara
More flux is along d axis.
Ef
Under saturation
q
reactance is negligible.

So under saturation Xd is

I
Ia
q
negligible.
Value of Xq is fixed

Id
d
Voltage eqn for Motor
Vt=Ef +Iara +jIaXq
Phasor Diagram is Similar
to Cyl. Rotor Motor

Analysis of Phasor Diagram

In the problem, generally Vt or Vb or Va, Ia, power
factor angle , Xd, Xq are given.
But for calculating Id and Iq, the power angle must
be known.
For this purpose, analysis of phasor diagram is
required.
First consider the phasor diagram of salient pole syn
generator at lagging power factor.

Analysis of Phasor Diagram

X
jI

First draw a perpendicular line from tip of Iara for

GEN.
Since it is perpendicular to Iara, it is a reactance drop
jIaX
jIqXq
From tip of Iara,draw perpendicular
Ef
jIdXd line on ob
b
Ef
Extend Ia line
a
q
Consider triangle oab and acb
a
c
Vt Iara a
Therefore bac= +

ac=ab cos(+)
ab=IaX
x
Iq

Ia
ab=IaXq IqXq=IaX cos(+)
IqXq=IqX
o
Id
Xq=X
(1)

Ef=ob=Vt +Iara +jIaXq =[Mag]

Thus is calculated
jIqXq

Ef
b
Ef

The can also be calculated from oab

jIdXd

jI
X

c
Iq
o

Vt Iara a

Ia
Id

a ' b a ' a ab
tan

oa ' ox xa'

Vt sin I a X q
Vt cos I a ra

...........(2)

Now obtain Ef - Ef

bd cd cb
I d X d I a X q sin( )

jIqXq
Ef d
b
Ef
a

jIdXd

jI
X

( X d X q )Id

Iq
o

Vt Iara a

Ia
Id

Id X d Id X q
=+ve

So Ef >Ef

Phasor diagram is correct.

Ef =Ef +bd

E f Vt I a ra jI a X q ( X d X q ) I d ... (3)

Consider Syn Gen with Leading Power Factor

jI
aX

First draw a perpendicular line from tip of Iara for

(GEN)
Since it is perpendicular to
a
Iara
d
Iara, it is a reactance drop jIaX
a
jIdXd
Vt
ab=jIaX
c
Efb jIqXq
From tip of Iara,draw
Ef
perpendicular line on ob
e

Extend Ia line
e Iq
Ia
Draw line parallel to ae
Id

Consider Syn Gen with Leading Power Factor

-
jI
aX

a Iara
a
jIdXd
Vt

c
Efb jIqXq
Ef
e

e Iq
Ia
Id

Consider triangles abd and obe

Angle dab=-
ad=ab cos(-)
IqXq=IaX cos(-)
IqXq=IqX
Xq=X (1)
Ef=Vt+Iara+jIaXq =[Mag]
Thus is calculated

The can also be calculated from oeb

-
jI
aX

a Iara
a
jIdXd
Vt

c
Efb jIqXq
Ef
e

e Iq
Ia
Id
Ef =Ef - bc

eb
ea ab
tan

oe
oe'e' e

Vt sin I a X q
Vt cos I a ra

...........(2)

Now obtain Ef - Ef
bc bd dc
I a X q sin( ) I d X d

Id X q Id X d
I d ( X q X d ) =Negative

o So Ef >Ef Phasor diagram is not correct.

E f Vt I a ra jI a X q I d ( X d X q ) ... (3)

a a

Extend Ia line
bc is perpendicular to Ia, so
must be reactive drop IaX
Consider oab and bcd
bcd =-
bc=IaX

cd=bc cos(-) =IaX cos(-)

IqXq =IqX
Xq =X(1)

X
jI a

Now consider the phasor diagram of salient

pole syn MOTOR at lagging power factor.
-
Iara
jIqXq d
First draw a perpendicular line
c
jIdXd
from base of I r for MOTOR.
V
b Ef
Ef e

Iq

a
Ia
Id

X
jI a

Now consider the phasor diagram of salient

pole syn MOTOR at lagging power factor.
-
Iara
jIqXq d
Ef= Vt- Iara- jIaXq
c
jIdXd
V
t
=[Mag]
Thus is calculated
b Ef
Ef e
The can also be calculated from oab

a
ab ac bc
a
tan

Iq

oa oa 'aa '
Ia
Vt sin I a X q

...........(2)
Id
Vt cos I a ra
o

 I d X d I a X q sin( )

Id X d Id X q
I d ( X d X q ) =Positive

Ef >Ef Phasor diagram is correct.

X
jI a

Now consider the phasor diagram of salient

pole syn MOTOR at lagging power factor.
-
Iara
Now obtain Ef- Ef
jIqXq d
be de db
c
jIdXd
V
b Ef
Ef e

Iq

Ef =Ef - be

E f Vt I a ra jI a X q I d ( X d X q ) ... (3)

a
Ia
Id

Now consider the phasor diagram of salient

pole syn MOTOR at leading power factor.
First draw a perpendicular line
from base of Iara for MOTOR.
and extend Ia line
bc is perpendicular to Ia, so
must be reactive drop IaX
From base of Iara,draw
perpendicular line on od
Consider bce and oac
cbe =+
bc=IaX, be=bc cos(+) =IaX cos(+)
IqXq=IqX
Xq =X(1)

jIqXq d
jIdXd
c Ef
Iara
Ef
Ij aX
+
a Vt b
e
a

Iq
Ia
Id

Now consider the phasor diagram of salient

pole syn MOTOR at leading power factor.
jIqXq d
Ef= Vt- Iara- jIaXq
jIdXd
c Ef
=[Mag]
Iara
Ef
Ij aX
+
Thus is calculated
a Vt b
e
The can also be calculated from oac
a

ac ab bc
tan

Iq
I
a

oa oa 'aa '

Vt sin I a X q
Vt cos I a ra

...........(2)

Id

Now consider the phasor diagram of salient

pole syn MOTOR at leading power factor.
jIqXq d
jIdXd
c Ef
I d X d I a X q sin( )
Iara
Ef
Ij aX
Id X d Id X q
+
a Vt b
e
I d ( X d X q ) =Positive
a

Ef >Ef Phasor diagram is correct.

Iq
Ia
Ef =Ef +cd
o
Id
E V I r jI X I ( X X ) ... (3)
Now obtain Ef - Ef
cd de ce

a a

Example
A salient pole synchronous generator has the
following per unit parameters:
Xd=1.2, Xq=0.8, ra=0.025
Compute the excitation voltage Ef on a per unit basis,
when the generator is delivering rated kVA at rated
voltage and
at power factor of (a) 0.8 lagging and (b) 0.8 leading

Solution
The voltage equation for salient pole syn
generator is:
Ef is always
Ef=Vt +Iara +jIdXd +jIqXq
jIqXq
along q axis
First calculate
Ef
jIdXd
Ef=Vt +Iara +jIaXq

Vt

Iq

Iara

Ia
Id

(a) With Vt as a reference phasor,

Vt =Rated voltage Vt =1.00+j0.00
For rated kVA, Ia= Rated value
Ia =1.00 -36.9 For 0.8 pf lagging
=0.8 - j0.6
Iara =(0.8 - j0.6)(0.25)
=(0.02 - j0.015)

Solution
jIaXq = j(0.8 - j0.6)(0.8)
= (0.48 +j0.64)

Ef

jIqXq
jIdXd

Vt

Iq

Iara

Ia
Id

Ef=Vt +Iara +jIaXq

=(1.00+j0.00)+ (0.02 - j0.015)+
(0.48 +j0.64)
= 1. 5 +j0.625
= 1. 625 22.62
=22.620 and +=22.62+36.9=59.52
Id = Iasin(+) = 1.00 sin(59.52)
=0.862
Iq = Iacos(+) =0.507

Ef
Ef
Iq

jIqXq

jIdXd

jIa X

Vt Iara

Ia

Id

Ef= Ef +Id (Xd-Xq)

= 1.9698 22.62
(b) Phasor diagram for leading pf
=+36.9
Ia=0.8 + j0.6
Iara=0.02 + j0.015
jIaXq=-0.48+ j0.64
Ef=Vt +Iara +jIaXq
0
50.50
=0.549+j0.655=0.849
= 50.500
-=13.6
Id=0.235
Ef= Ef +Id (Xd-Xq)
0
50.50
= 0.943