MATEMATIKA REKAYASA I

MO 141202
Kuliah 4: Deret

mahmud mustain

Materi Kuliah 4
Barisan dan Deret Tak Hingga:
barisan tak hingga,
deret tak hingga,
test konvergensi,
deret Taylor,
deret MacLaurin

Arithmetic
Sequences & Series
webtech.cherokee.k12.ga.us/sequoyahhs/math/11.2%20Arithmetic
%20Sequences%20&
%20Series.ppt

Arithmetic Sequence:
The difference between
consecutive terms is constant (or
the same).
The constant difference is also
known as the common difference
(d).
(Its also that number that you are
adding every time!)

How do I know if it is an
arithmetic series?
A series is the expression for the sum of
the terms of a sequence, not just what
is the next terms
Ex: 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 . . .

Ex: 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 + 18

This is a list of the numbers in the pattern

an not a sum. It is a sequence. Note it goes
on forever, so we say it is an infinite
sequence.
Here we are adding the values. We call this
a series. Because it does not go on forever,
we say it is a finite series.

Note: if the numbers go on forever, it is infinite; if it has a

definitive ending it is finite.

Example: Decide whether

each sequence is
arithmetic.

-10,-6,-2,0,2,6,10,
-6--10=4
-2--6=4
0--2=2
2-0=2
6-2=4
10-6=4
Not arithmetic
(because the
differences are not
the same)

5,11,17,23,29,
11-5=6
17-11=6
23-17=6
29-23=6

Arithmetic
(common
difference is 6)

Rule for an Arithmetic

Sequence

an=a1+(n-1)d

Example: Write a rule for the

nth term of the sequence
32,47,62,77, . Then, find a12.
The is a common difference where d=15,
therefore the sequence is arithmetic.
Use an=a1+(n-1)d
an=32+(n-1)(15)
an=32+15n-15
an=17+15n
a12=17+15(12)=197

Example: One term of an arithmetic

sequence is a8=50. The common
difference is 0.25. Write a rule for the
nth to
term.
Use a =a +(n-1)d
find the 1st term!
n

a8=a1+(8-1)(.25)
50=a1+(7)(.25)
50=a1+1.75
48.25=a1
* Now, use an=a1+(n-1)d to find the rule.
an=48.25+(n-1)(.25)
an=48.25+.25n-.25
an=48+.25n

Example: Two terms of an arithmetic

sequence are a5=10 and a30=110. Write a
rule for the nth term.

Begin by writing 2 equations; one for each

term given.
a5=a1+(5-1)d OR 10=a1+4d
And
a30=a1+(30-1)d OR 110=a1+29d
Now use the 2 equations to solve for a1 & d.
10=a1+4d
110=a1+29d (subtract the equations to cancel
a1)
-100= -25d
So, d=4 and a1=-6 (now find the rule)

an=a1+(n-1)d
an=-6+(n-1)(4) OR an=-10+4n

Arithmetic Series
The sum of the
terms in an
arithmetic
sequence
The formula to
find the sum of a
finite arithmetic
series is:

1st Term

Last
Term

a1 an
S n n

# of terms

Example: Consider the

arithmetic series
20+18+16+14+
Find the sum of the Find
. n such that
1st 25 terms.
First find the rule
for the nth term.
an=22-2n
So, a25 = -28 (last
term)
a1 an
S n n

20 28
S 25 25

Sn=-760

a1 an
S n n

20 (22 2n)
760 n

S 25 25(4) 100

 20 (22 2n)
760 n

-1520=n(20+22-2n)
-1520=-2n2+42n
2n2-42n-1520=0
n2-21n-760=0
(n-40)(n+19)=0
n=40 or n=-19
Always choose the positive
solution!

Geometric Sequences
and Series

Geometric Sequences and Series

A geometric sequence is a sequence in which
each term after the first is obtained by multiplying
the preceding term by a constant nonzero real
number.

1, 2, 4, 8, 16 is an example of a
geometric sequence with first term 1
and each subsequent term is 2 times
the term preceding it.
The multiplier from each term to the
next is called the common ratio and
is usually denoted by r.

Finding the Common Ratio

In a geometric sequence, the common
ratio can be found by dividing any
term by the term preceding it.
The geometric sequence 2, 8, 32, 128,

has common ratio r = 4 since

8 32 128

... 4
2 8
32

Geometric Sequences and Series

nth Term of a Geometric Sequence

In the geometric sequence with first term a1 and
common ratio r, the nth term an, is

an a1r n 1

The indicated sum of the terms of a geometric

sequence is called a geometric series. You can
derive a formula for the partial sum of a geometric
series by subtracting the product of Sn and r from Sn
as shown.

Using the Formula for the nth Term

Example Find a5 and an for the
geometric
sequence 4, 12, 36, 108 ,
n 1

Solution Here aa1n=4a1and

r r = 36/ 12 =
5 1
4
3. Using
a5 4 ( 3) 4 ( 3)
324
n=5 in the formula

an a1r

In general

n 1

4 ( 3)

n 1

Modeling a Population of Fruit Flies

Example A population of fruit flies grows in such a
way that each generation is 1.5 times the previous
generation. There were 100 insects in the first
generation. How many are in the fourth generation.
Solution The populations form a geometric
sequence
with a1= 100 and r = 1.5 . Using n=4 in the formula
for an gives

a4 a1r 3 100(1.5)3 337.5

or about 338 insects in the fourth generation.

Geometric Series
A geometric series is the sum of the
terms of a geometric sequence .
In the fruit fly population model with a1
= 100 and r = 1.5, the total population
after four generations is a geometric
series:

a1 a2 a3 a4

100 100(1.5) 100(1.5) 100(1.5)

813
2

Geometric Sequences and Series

Sum of the First n Terms of an Geometric
Sequence
If a geometric sequence has first term a1 and
common ratio r, then the sum of the first n terms
is given by

a1 (1 r )
Sn
1 r
n

where

r 1 .

Finding the Sum of the First n Terms

6

i
2

3
Example Find

i1

Solution This is the sum of the first six

1
terms of a
a1 2 3 6
geometric series with
and r = 3.
6
6(1
3formula
) 6(1for
729)
6( 728)
From
the
S
n ,
S

2184
6

1 3

Infinite Geometric Series

If a1, a2, a3, is a geometric sequence and
the
sequence of sums S1, S2, S3, is a convergent

sequence, converging to a number S. Then

S is
said to be the sum of the infinite geometric
series a1 a2 a3 ... S

An Infinite Geometric Series

Given the infinite geometric sequence
1 1 1 1
2, 1, , , , ,...
2 4 8 16
the sequence of sums is S1 = 2, S2 = 3, S3
= 3.5,
The calculator screen shows
more sums, approaching a value
of 4. So

1 1
2 1 ... 4
2 4

Infinite Geometric Series

Sum of the Terms of an Infinite Geometric
Sequence
The sum of the terms of an infinite geometric
sequence with first term a1 and common ratio r,
where 1 < r < 1 is given by

a1
.
S
1 r

Finding Sums of the Terms of Infinite

Geometric Sequences

3
Example Find

i 1 5

3
a1
Solution Here
5

3
r and

3
i

a1
3
3
5

1 r 1 3 2
i 1 5
5

so

Fourier Series
In mathematics, infinite series are
very important. They are used
extensively in calculators and
computers for evaluating values of
many functions.
The Fourier Series is really interesting,
as it uses many of the mathematical
techniques that you have learned
before, like graphs, integration,
differentiation, summation notation,

Infinite Series - Numbers

A geometric progression is a set of numbers
with a common ratio.
Example: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
A series is the sum of a sequence of numbers.
Example: 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16
An infinite series that converges to a particular
value has a common ratio less than 1.
Example: 1 + 1/3 + 1/9 + 1/27 + ... = 3/2
When we expand functions in terms of some
infinite series, the series will converge to the
function as we take more and more terms.

Infinite Series Expansions of

Functions
We learned before in the Infinite Series
Expansions how to re-express many
functions (like sin x, log x, ex, etc) as a
polynomial with an infinite number of terms.
We saw how our polynomial was a good
approximation near some value x = a (in the
case of Taylor Series) or x = 0 (in the case of
Maclaurin Series). To get a better
approximation, we needed to add more
terms of the polynomial.

Fourier Series -

A Trigonometric Infinite
Series

In this lecture chapter we are also going to reexpress functions in terms of an infinite series.
However, instead of using a polynomial for our
infinite series, we are going to use the sum of
sine and cosine functions.
Fourier Series is used in the analysis of signals
in electronics. For example, the
Fast Fourier Transform, which talks about pulse
code modulation which is used when recording
digital music.

Example
We will see functions like the following,
which approximates a saw-tooth signal:

How does it work? As we add more terms to the

series, we find that it converges to a particular shape.

Taking one extra term in the series

each time and drawing separate
graphs, we have:
f(t) = 1 (first term of the series):

Full Range Fourier Series

where
an and bn are the Fourier coefficients,
and
is the mean value, sometimes referred to as the dc level.

Fourier Coefficients For Full Range

Series Over Any Range -L TO L

Dirichlet Conditions
Any periodic waveform of period p = 2L, can be
expressed in a Fourier series provided that
(a) it has a finite number of discontinuities within the
period 2L;
(b) it has a finite average value in the period 2L;
(c) it has a finite number of positive and negative
maxima and minima.
When these conditions, called the Dirichlet
conditions, are satisfied, the Fourier series for the
function f(t) exists.
Each of the examples in this chapter obey the
Dirichlet Conditions and so the Fourier Series exists.

AL-HAMDULILLAH