MEMBRANES AND

INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
LORAINE ANNE B. MARCOS, MSN

BODY MEMBRANES

COVERS surfaces
Line body cavities and form protective sheets
around organs

Two major group:

1. EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
Cutaneous, mucous, and serous
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANE
- Synovial membranes

CLASSIFICATION OF BODY
MEMBRANES
1. Cutaneous

membrane - skin; expose to air and

is a dry membrane
2. Mucous Membrane- lines all body cavities that
open to the exterior.
- in most, moist or wet
3. Serous membrane- lines body cavities that are
close to the exterior except for the dorsal and joint
cavities.
Eg: peritoneum; pleura
3. Synovial ( connective tissue) membrane- lines the
fibrous capsule surrounding joints.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

List Important functions of I.S.

Recognize the name of the structures:
dermis, epidermis etc
Name the layers of the epidermis

What is the Integumentary System?

- the word INTEGUMENT comes from a LATIN word that
means to COVER
- SKIN and its accessories such as-the HAIR, NAILS, and
a VARIETY OF GLANDS, make up the integumentary system
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
1. Serves as a barrier against infection and injury.
2. It keeps water and other molecules.
2. Helps to regulate body temperature
3. Removes the waste products from the body
4. Provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
5. Generates vitamin D


Skin
Skin is one of the largest organs of the body, making up 6-8% of the total body
weight. It consists of two distinct layers. The top layer is called
theepidermisand under that is thedermis(see diagram 5.1).

Cross section through the skin

a. Epidermis
- the OUTER most layer of Skin is known as the EPIDERMIS. It is
composed of many sheets of Flattened, Scaly Epithelial Cells. This is a thin outer
layer of skin.
- made up of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of keratinizing or
becoming hard.

There are five distinct sub-layers of the Epidermis:

a. Stratum corneum: the outermost layer, made of
25-30 layers of dead flat keratinocytes. Lamellar
granules provide water repellent action and are
continuously shed & replaced.
b. Stratum lucidum: Only found in the fingertips,
palms of hands, & soles of feet. This layer is made up
of 3-5 layers of flat dead keratinocytes.
c. Stratum granulosum: made up of 3-5 layers of
keratinocytes, site of keratin formation, keratohyalin
gives the granular appearance.
d. Stratum spinosum: appears covered in thornlike
spikes, provide strength & flexibility to the skin.
e. Stratum basale: The deepest layer, made up of a
single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells. Cells
produced here are constantly divide & move up to
apical surface.

The epidermis is made up of 4 cell types:

(A) Keratinocytes Produce keratin protein a fibrous protein

that helps protect the epidermis

(B) Melanocytes - produces the brown pigment melanin

These are cells located in the bottom layer of the skin's epidermis and in
the middle layer of the eye, the uvea. Through a process called melanogenesis,
these cells produce melanin, a pigment in the skin, eyes, and hair.

(C) Langerhan Cells participate in immune response

-Formed in bone marrow.
-Move to the skin

Langerhan Cells

(D) Merkel cells - participates in the sense of touch.

-Connected to nerve cells from dermis

2. Dermis- the innermost thick layer of the skin made up of connective tissue.
-the Dermis lies beneath the Epidermis and contains BLOOD VESSELS, NERVE
ENDINGS, GLANDS, SENSE ORGANS, Smooth, MUSCLES, AND HAIR FOLLICLES.
A.
B.

PAPILLARY LAYER- dermal papillae

- house pain receptors
RETICULAR LAYER- blood vessels, sweat glands, oil glands, receptors (lamellar
corpuscles)

Goose bumps are caused by tiny

muscles in the dermis that pull on
hair follicles, which causes the hairs
to stand up straight.

Hypodermis or Subcutaneous
The hypodermis lies below the dermisIts purpose is to attach the skin to
underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood
vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue and elastin. The
main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes
- (the hypodermis contains 50% of body fat). Fat serves as padding and
insulation for the body. Another name for the hypodermis is the subcutaneous
tissue

ACCESSORY STRUCTURE
1. Nails
Nails act as protective plates over the fingertips and toes.
The area under your nail has many nerve endings, which allow you to receive more information about objects
you touch
As the nail grows, more cells are added at the nail bed. There are no nerve endings in the nail, which is a good
thing, otherwise cutting your nails would hurt a lot

Nail Structure:
1. Root The root of the fingernail is also known as the germinal matrix. This portion of the nail is actually
beneath the skin behind the fingernail and extends several millimeters into the finger. The fingernail root
produces most of the volume of the nail and the nail bed. This portion of the nail does not have any
melanocytes, or melanin producing cells.
2. Nail Bed It extends from the edge of the germinal matrix, or lunula, to the hyponychium. The nail bed
contains the blood vessels, nerves, and melanocytes, or melanin-producing cells.
3. Nail Plate The nail plate is the actual fingernail, made of translucent keratin. The pink appearance of the
nail comes from the blood vessels underneath the nail.
3. Eponychium The cuticle of the fingernail is also called the eponychium. The cuticle is situated between
the skin of the finger and the nail plate fusing these structures together and providing a waterproof barrier.
4. Perionychium The perioncyhium is the skin that overlies the nail plate on its sides. It is also known as
the paronychial edge. The perionychium is the site of hangnails, ingrown nails, and an infection of the skin
called paronychia.
5. Hyponychium The hyponychium is the area between the nail plate and the fingertip. It is the junction
between the free edge of the nail and the skin of the fingertip, also providing a waterproof barrier.

Hair structure

The hair has two part namely:

HAIR FOLLICLE
The hair follicle is the point from which the hair grows. It is a tiny cup-shaped pit buried in the
fat of the scalp.
HAIR SHAFT
The part of the hair seen above the skin is called the hair shaft. The hair shaft is made up of
dead cells that have turned into keratin and binding material, together with small amount of
water. This structure explains why we do not feel any pain while our hair is being cut.

Humans have three different types of hair:

I.Lanugo, the fine, unpigmented hair that covers nearly the entire body of a fetus, although most has been replaced
with vellus by the time of the baby's birth

II. Vellus hair/Definitive Hair, the short, downy, "peach fuzz" body hair (also unpigmented) that grows in most
places on the human body. While it occurs in both sexes, and makes up much of the hair in children, men have a
much smaller percentage (around 10%) vellus whereas 2/3 of a female's hair is vellus.

III. Terminal hair/ Angora Hari, the fully developed hair, which is generally longer, coarser, thicker, and
darker than vellus hair, and often is found in regions such as the axillary, male beard, and pubic.

GLANDS
KINDS OF Glands
a. Sweat Glands or Sudoriferous
These are large lumen glands associated with hair follicles.
They develop from the same down growths that give rise to hair follicles.
The connection is retained and they are coiled tubular glands, sometimes branched.
The secretory portion is in the dermis or upper hypodermis
The secretory product is stored in the lumen.
Myoepithelial cells facilitate the expulsion of

There are2 typesof sweat glands:

1. Eccrine sweat gland- all over body exceptlipsandpart of external genitalia;
2. Apocrine sweat glands-only inaxilla,areola,nipple ofmammary gland
andtheexternal genitalia. Theceruminous glands of earandglands of Mollof
eyelid are also apocrine.
.Both theeccrine and theapocrine sweat glandsareinnervatedby thesympathetic
nervous system.
.Eccrine glandsrespond differently toheatandnervous state.
.Theapocrine glandsrespond toemotionalandsensory stimulibutnot heat.

Apocrine Sweat Glands

the secretory product from the gland.

The duct has a narrow lumen.
Apocrine
secretions contain protein, carbohydrate, ammonia and lipid.

b. Sebaceous Glands or Oil Glands

Found in the skin of mammals and these glands secrete sebum.

sebum (Latin, meaning fat or tallow) that is made of fat (lipids) and the debris of dead fatproducing cells.
These glands exist in humans throughout the skin except in the palms of the hands and
soles of the feet.
Sebum acts to protect and waterproof hair and skin, and keep them from becoming dry,
brittle, and cracked. It can also inhibit the growth of microorganisms on skin .

c. Ceruminous

glands18

are involved in skin problems such as acne and keratosis pilaris. A blocked sebaceous gland
can result in a sebaceous cyst.

Earwax, also known by the medical term cerumen, is a yellowish,

waxy substance secreted in the ear canal of humans and many other
mammals. It plays a vital role in the human ear canal, assisting in
cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from
bacteria, fungus, and insects

D. Mammary glands
are the organs that, in the female mammal, produce milk for the sustenance of the young.
These exocrine glands are enlarged and modified sweat glands and are the characteristic
of mammals which gave the class its name.

The human mammary glands are modified sweat glands and are developed from two sources --the
parenchyma (alveoli and ductules ) from the surface ectoderm ,the fibrofatty stroma from the
underlying endoderm.
At birth mammary glands of both sexes remain in infantile form .This condition persists throughout
life in normal male.
First change is seen at puberty in females ,in the form of deposition of fat and increase in size and
attain hemispherical outlines. With the start of reproductive cycle after puberty ,glandular tissue
show changes with the alteration in concentration of oestrogen and progesterone in each cycle.

THANK YOU!