DESIGN CONCEPTS
USING
COMPONENTS
&
THE CONCEPT of
BUILDABILITY
CONTENTS
Concept of Buildability
Examples of Prefabricated Components
Used in Buildings
General Guidelines on Design Concepts
Using Components
Examples of Projects Employing
Components
BUILDABILITY
Defined as the extend to which design of the
buildings facilitates ease of construction,
subject to the overall requirements of
completed building.
Construction Industry Research and
Information Association (CIRIA)
Definition focused on the link between design
and construction and implied factors which
have significant impact on the ease of
construction of a project.
DESIGN
Impact of
design
decisions
BUILDABILITY
Influence
on design
decisions
CONSTRUCTION
Applies to soft (management) and hard (technical) aspects.
WHY BUILDABILITY
Problems existed in CI .comparative
isolation of many designers from practical
construction process. The shortcomings as
seen by builders .., due to the separation
of design and construction functions which
has characterised the building industry over
the last century or so.
CIRIA
BUILDABILITY
Also defined as the ability to construct a
building efficiently, economically
and to agreed quality levels from its
constituent materials, component and
sub-assemblies.
KEY FEATURES OF
BUILDABILITY DESIGN
Usage of Components
Employment of Modular Coordination
in Dimensions
STRUCTURAL STEEL SYSTEM
Steel Frame, R.C Slab on Steel Decking
Steel Frame with composite R.C
encasement on wall or beam or column
Steel Frame with Structural encasement
for wall or beam or column
PRECAST CONCRETE (P.C)
CONSTRUCTION
PC Column/Beam/Slab
PC Beam/Slab and cast-in-situ
Column/Wall/Beam
PC Slab and cast-in-situ
Column/Wall/Beam
CAST-IN-SITU R.C. CONSTRUCTION
Flat Plates
Flat Plat or Wall/Slab System
Slab with 1-Direction Beams
Slab with 2-Direction Beams
(Slab Beam ratio 5-10)
WALL COMPONENTS
Precast Concrete Panels
Metal Claddings
Traditional Design Repetition of
Components
TYPICAL EXAMPLES of
COMPONENTS
Precast facade panels
Precast
Column
Precast Beam
Hollow Core Slab
Precast Planks
Precast Double T Slab
Precast Waffle Slab
Precast parapet walls
Precast Staircase
OTHER EXAMPLES
Self compacting concrete
Tunnel form construction
Hybrid concrete construction
Post tensioned construction
Tilt up
EXAMPLES of ADVANCED
COMPONENT PRODUCTS
Tunnel Form
Box System
Small Module Box
Prefabricated Bathroom
Unit
3D Components
Container
Spacebox
BENEFITS of BUILDABILITY
Practical Buildability, the result of a CIRIA
study, will prove valuable to practising
civil and structural engineers, designers,
builders, quantity surveyors and
architects.
Just-in-time delivery to site of factoryfinished components, fast rates of
construction especially when a smaller
number of large units is specified, and the
other certainty, safety and environmental
benefits all make precast concrete the
most "buildable" of materials.
Programme: Production can be carefully
controlled in the factory environment, and
is not held up by the vagaries of the
weather or labour shortages. On-site
construction and off-site manufacture can
be overlapped, thereby reducing overall
site periods.
Manufacture in Factory
Conventional Method
Prefab On site Production
On site Precast
Tilt up A site-cast production line for structural walls
without stanchions.
Fast, low cost, robust easily sealed interior finish.
Tunnelling System
Erection
Erection cycles per gang of 2 units per day
A design with a higher buildability will
result in more efficient labour usage in
construction and therefore higher site
labour productivity.
High Buildability
High Productivity
Quality: Stringent production control and
skilled factory-based craftsmen produce
consistently high quality, getting as close
as possible to "zero defects"
Advantages
Better quality than that of conventional
Consistency of quality of products
Aesthetically pleasing as no column and beams visible
THE FINISH PRODUCT : Parcel 5 &
Parcel 6, Precinct 9, Putrajaya
AESTHETICS
Appearances of materials,components, subassemblies and of the complete building: size,
shape, colour, texture, pattern, etc;
experience of materials,components, subassemblies and of the complete building:
quality of spatial relationships, pleasure in
use, relationship to surrounding, etc.
Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia
Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia
Ministry of Housing and Local Government Malaysia
Architecturally Finished
Precast Concrete Frames
Capital Bank in Chester:
excellent example of how design
can be positively influenced by
skilled input from a specialist
contractor.
The result was a fully precast
architecturally finished structure.
The programme time was
drastically reduced and shows
the contribution that precast
concrete and specialist design
input, when used effectively, can
make to the building process.
Cost: Value for money is now recognised
as much more than just bottom-line tender
prices. Downstream benefits of precasting,
such as quicker build periods, less
reliance on on-site labour and no
requirement for scaffolding, also
contribute to cost savings.
Safety
Finished components are delivered to site
and lifted directly from the vehicle into
position on site, often without the need for
scaffolding. This reduces the potential for
accidents, and removes the risk of handsetting stone or brickwork in potentially
hazardous locations.
Safety requirements: easily
implemented during
construction stage.
No perimeter netting
required as the installed
wall panel with the window
casement built-in acted as
permanent barrier
Cleaner work area as no
brickwork and plastering
required.
Perimeter Scaffolding is
used for lightweight duty
like painting and sealant
work only, resulting on safer
work environment
.
Environment
Precast production uses less energy than
that required for either structural steel
frame components or system curtain
walling. On site, precast construction
creates less air pollution, noise and debris.
Road traffic to and from the site is also
reduced.
PRINCIPLES OF BUILDABILITY
Standardisation
Simplicity
Single Integrated Systems
3 Ss
1.
Standardisation
Repetition of Grids
Sizes of Components
Connection of Details
2.
Simplicity
Uncomplicated Building Construction System
Simple Installation Details
3.
Single Integrated Elements
Elements that combine components together
The Diagrams
show how
parts are
coordinated
into
components,
into
subassemblies;
into the final
building
NEXT21 is an experimental 18-unit housing project
The project was conceived by Osaka Gas Corporation , 1994
It anticipates the more comfortable life urban households will characteristically enjoy in
the 21st Century . Open Building Implementation, 6 storeys
Units were designed by 13 different architects. Each unit's interior and exterior layout
was freely designed within a system of coordinating rules for positioning various
elements.
Exterior View of NEXT21
Systems Building
"System building" refers to a
building in which methods for
adjusting the individual
component systems for the
building -- such as main
structure, external wall, and
windows -- are established.
At NEXT21, a highly
flexible
architectural
system is
being put
into
practice.
This component system
is divided into four
groups according to the
required life of each
component and
production path, and are
then manufactured as
separate systems and
modules so that outer
walls, kitchens, baths
and toilets, and gardens
can be moved.
HOW TO MAKE PRECAST
MORE EFFICIENT ?
Repetition
(less variables)
Modular
Coordination
Implementing integrated design
concept
Strong cooperation between architect,
structural engineer, M&E engineer,
precaster, contractor from the very 1 st
design stage.
Enough lead-time to do planning /
manufacture
Standardization / Simplicity
Site logistic
Detailing
Specification
Component weight
Suitability of product.
GENERAL STEPS IN DESIGN
Planning & Layout
Employ Modular Coordination in
Dimensioning
Identification of Basic Structural System of
Construction
COST
materials, components, sub-assemblies and
conversion one to the other
labour needed to design, manage and
assemble the building
tools, plant and equipment needed to assemble
the building
providing certain level of durability (life-cycle
costs)
Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia
Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan Malaysia
Ministry of Housing and Local Government Malaysia
HOSPITAL UNIVERSITY KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA (HUKM)
Specified precast by Public Works Department
Location
HUKM Cheras, Kuala Lumpur
Building
Clinical Block, Education Block,
Teachers Quarters, Staff
Quarters And Nurses Hostel
Gross Floor
area
200,000.00 m2
Contract
Specified
Construction
Period
8 month Precast Super structure
Main
Contractor
Gamuda Berhad
Owner
Architect
Structural Eng.
Ministry Of Health
Public Works Department
Public Works Department
Precast
Elements
Supplied
Precast Prestressed Hollow Core
Slab
Precast Beam
Scope of
Works
Supply and delivery Precast
Beams and Hollow Core Slabs,
UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL EXTENSION
Specified precast by Public Works Department
Location
University Hospital , Petaling jaya
Building
10 storey building
Gross Floor
area
60,000.00 m2
Contract
Specified
Construction
Period
4 month Precast Super structure
Main
Contractor
Syarikat Pembinaan Setia
Owner
Architect
Structural Eng.
Ministry Of Health
Public Works Department
Public Works Department
Precast
Elements
Supplied
Precast Prestressed Hollow Core
Slab
Precast Beam
Scope of Works
Supply and delivery Precast
Beams and Hollow Core Slabs,
IKEA MUTIARA DAMANSARA
Design and Build
Location
Mutiara Damansara, Mukim Sungai Buluh, Selangor
Building
Total 4 Storey Shopping Complex (with 2 storey carpark)
Gross Floor area
121,000m2
Contract
Design & Build
Construction Period
4 month Precast Super structure
Main Contractor
Ikano Corporation Sdn. Bhd.
Owner
Architect
Structural Eng.
Boustead Holding Berhad
T J Ong Architect
Leo Consultant
Precast Elements
Supplied
Precast Prestressed Hollow Core Slab
Precast Beam, Precast Column, Precast Solid Planks, Precast Shear Walls,
Precast Staircases, Precast Gutters,
Scope of Works
Supply and Install Precast Columns, Precast Beams, Hollow Core Slabs, Precast Solid
Planks, Precast Shear Walls, Precast Staircases, Precast Gutters, including all the
DEWAN MILLENIUM KEPALA BATAS
Design & Build
Location
Kepala Batas, Seberang Perai Utara, Pulau Pinang
Building
Total 4 Storey Public Hall Complex
Gross Floor area
7,500m2
Contract
Design & Build
Construction Period
2 month Precast Super structure
Main Contractor
Lejadi Infra Sdn Bhd.
Owner
Architect
Structural Eng.
State Govment Pulau Pinang
Syed A Halim Architect
LFL Consultant
Precast Elements
Supplied
Precast Prestressed Hollow Core Slab Precast Beam and Precast Column
Scope of Works
Supply and delivery of Precast Columns, Precast Beams, Hollow Core Slabs,
FLEXTRONICS FACTORY SENAI JOHOR BHARU
Alternative
Location
Senai, Johor Bharu
Building
3-storey factory
Gross Floor
area
7,500 m2
Contract
Alternative Design
Construction
Period
3 month Precast Super structure
Main
Contractor
Kumagai Gumi Co Ltd
Owner
Architect
Structural Eng.
Flextronic (Malaysia) sdn bhd
Architect Spectrum
JPS Consultant Engineers Sdn
Bhd
Precast
Elements
Supplied
Precast Double T Slab, Precast
Column
Precast Beam
Scope of Works
Supply and delivery Precast
Column , Beam and Double T
Slab
CYBERVILLA TOWN HOUSE
Alternative
Location
Cyber Jaya , Selangor
Building
Townhouse
Gross Floor
area
3200 m2
Contract
Alternative Design
Construction
Period
2 month Precast Super structure
Main
Contractor
Jeks Engineering Sdn Bhd
Owner
Architect
Structural Eng.
MK Developer
Veritas Architect
Eastern Pretech (M) Sdn Bhd
Precast
Elements
Supplied
Precast Prestressed Hollow Core
Slab, Precast Half Slab, Precast
Beam, Precast Wall and
Staircase
Scope of
Works
Supply and delivery Precast
Prestressed Hollow Core Slab,
Precast Half Slab, Precast Beam,
Precast Wall and Staircase
CONSTRUCTION EXPERIENCE IN BRICKFIELDS SCHOOL
BUILDABLE DESIGN AWARDS
HDB PREFABRICATION TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
Close coordination at design stage resulted in highly buildable building
More than 75% of precast columns, beams and slabs designed to one standardised size
Many architectural features were modulated and precast for better quality and finish
Buildable Features:
Structural components standardised to a single size
Precast elements-arch.concrete lattices, ring water tanks, curved auditorium walls,
perimeter fencing wall
Buidability and aesthetics could be achieved without compromising one another
BUILDABLE DESIGN AWARDS
YUSOF ISHAK SECONDARY SCHOOL
High buildable design-construction period shortened considerably
Precast structural frame-precast columns, beams, hollow core slabs and planks
Architectural features-precast lightweight concrete panels, prefab. infill aluminium panels,
structural steel truss, precast parapet, precision blocks, dry partition
BUILDABLE DESIGN AWARDS
THE FRENCH SCHOOL
standardised grids and repetitive floor layouts, use of flat floor slabs resulted in less
columns and bigger span
integrated roof system, lightweight concrete blocks - no plastering needed, faster
construction
monospace lift - expedite construction and increase usable space
BUILDABLE DESIGN AWARDS
WOODSVALE
Modular horizontal and vertical grids, repetitive floor layouts, use of system formwork for
efficiency
precast columns, beams, slabs and staircases - on-site and off-site
RC external walls - use of jumping formwork enabled walls to be cast three storey ahead of
each floor slab
BUILDABLE DESIGN AWARDS
NATIONAL HERITAGE BOARD
CENTRAL REPOSITORY
Architect commissioned to design a maintenance-free building and create an elegant facade
flat floor slab system for free space, 90% of columns and beams standardised
full height glazing and metal cladding used as envelope for quality finish
Architectural Precast Association (APA) AWARDS
For design and manufacturing excellence. The competition recognizes examples of
POPOVICH
HALL
- THE
UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN
outstanding
design and
production
utilizing
architectural precast
concrete.
CALIFORNIA
Successful integration of cast stone and brick resulted in a building that was contextual
to the existing campus
the juxtaposition scale between cast stone and brick module and the playful movement
between curved and orthogonal plane made for an exciting project
APA AWARDS
THE EMORY UNIVERSITY PARKING DECK
Project commended for the ability to transform a difficult faade into a work of art. The
window/bay patterns create a rhythm along the faade developing a human scale not
often found in parking decks.
The architectural faade is express as an applique to the concrete structural frame in a
contemporary and genuine fashion was well done
APA AWARDS
THE KING FARM OFFICE BUILDING
The proportion of massing and articulation of base, body and top contributed to the
building monumental appearance
the attention to detail and use of natural light made the building visualyy exciting and
the consistency of colour and finish was well done
Advantages of Precast Concrete System
Construction
1. Construction time
Earlier completion, components are made
in the factory while structure work in
progress at site.
Construction Loan periods are shortened
and income generated sooner.
2. Overtime Work
Minimal
3. Ready made technical specifications
e.g. Sound & heat insulation
58 dB is achievable by 265mm thick
hollow core slab without topping
(equivalent to only 123mm thick solid
slabs). Interfloor impact of noise is lesser.
Advantages in using hollow core slab at
roof level is that it provide good property of
airborne sound insulation.
4. Heat Insulation
Existence of voids in hollow core slabs
provide heat insulation.
Cool comfort, less consumption of aircon.
Gives better heat insulation for roof
5. Less Labour
Labour usage is very low. One team
needs about 4 to 5 people only.
Less worker on site to manage.
Labour savings in general about 70%.
6. Site Storage/Space for materials
Minimal
Application of Just-in-Time method
Advantages of Precast Concrete System
Construction cont..
7. Less Wastage
Less rebar and formwork on site.
Better control of wastage.
8. Quality Control
Better quality can be achieves, as the
components are factory made (Factory
standard)
Test and control in factory.
9. Space for M&E services
Beams only in one direction.
Secondary beams are not required.
10. Flexibility
Hollow core slabs are design to carry
brickwalls. For future renovation, brickwall
can be located anywhere on the floor.
11. Less Site Clearing upon completion
Lower cost due to lesser formwork and
debris.
12. Less Scaffolding/prop required
Less scaffolding / prop cost since beams
and slabs are design as unprop.
With very high floor to floor height, this
become very prominent advantage.
13. Logistic
Limited access is an advantage.
Components can be erected directly from
truck.
14. Environmental Friendly
Less noise pollution on site.
Less cutting of trees since formwork less
needed on site. (Factory uses steel
moulds).
15. Durability / Low Maintenance Cost
High strength concrete (G50) resist
damage better than cast insitu structure.
Buildability:
Successful
Construction from
Concept to
Completion
Trevor M. Holroyd
2004, American
Society of Civil
Engineers (Thomas
Telford, Ltd.)
FUNCTION &
PERFORMANCE
Spatial organization of building to fulfill
functional purpose: physical
characteristic of m/c/sa; strength and
stability of m/c/sa; environmental
performance of m/c/sa; services
BUILDABILITY
Efficient and
economical assembly
resulting from
Sequence,Process,Cont
inuity & flow,
Appropriate tools ,
plant and equipment ,
Efficient organization
and management
CONVERSION
(on or off site)
MATERIAL
COMPONENT
SUB- ASSEMBLIES
BUILDING
COST
AESTHETICS
Appearance of m/c/sa and
of the complete building:
Size, shape, colour,
texture, pattern, etc;
Experience of m/c/sa and
of the complete building
Quality of spatial
relationships, pleasure in
use, relationship to
surrounding, etc
Of m/c/sa and of conversion on of the other.
Of labour needed to design, manage and
assemble the building, other than that of.
Of tools, plant and equipment needed to
assemble the building other than.
Of providing certain level of durability (live-
THANK YOU
