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Introduction On Telephone Traffic

Traffic in a communication network refers to all user requests being serviced by the network. For telephone networks, traffic means the number of subscribers trying to contact each other. The unit used to measure telephone traffic intensity is the Erlang, named after A.K. Erlang. One Erlang represents the intensity of traffic that would keep one channel continuously busy. Traffic intensity is calculated by multiplying the average number of calls during the busy hour by the average holding time per call.

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771 views

Introduction On Telephone Traffic

Traffic in a communication network refers to all user requests being serviced by the network. For telephone networks, traffic means the number of subscribers trying to contact each other. The unit used to measure telephone traffic intensity is the Erlang, named after A.K. Erlang. One Erlang represents the intensity of traffic that would keep one channel continuously busy. Traffic intensity is calculated by multiplying the average number of calls during the busy hour by the average holding time per call.

Uploaded by

JanicePeralta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Traffic in a communication network

refers to the aggregate of all user


request being serviced by the network
Telephone traffic means, number of
subscribers .trying to contact other
subscribers.

Figure 1. Traffic Variation


Curve

Related Terms and Topics on Telephone Traffic


Traffic Engineering
Telecommunications
traffic
engineering, teletraffic engineering, or
traffic engineering is the application of
traffic
engineering
theory
to
telecommunications.
Busy Hour
The busy hour is defined as a period of
sixty consecutive minutes during which the
telephone traffic is the highest.

Busy Hour Calling Rate


It is defined as the average number of
calls per subscriber during the busy hour.
Holding Time
This is called holding time because during
this time, the switches in the exchange are
held busy. The holding time per call consists
of two parts:
1. Operating time
2. Conversation time

Traffic Unit The Erlang, E


The unit of telephone traffic is called
after Erlang, a Danish mathematician, who
published in 1914 and 1917 the first basic
results on the number of subscribers that
can be served with a given number of
channels at a required Quality of Service
(blocking probability).
It is defined as the product of the
number of calls per busy hour and the
average holding time per call measured in
hours.

In PSTN architectures
Networks are handled as:
1. Loss systems where calls that
cannot
be
handled
are
given
equipment busy tone or
2. Queuing systems where calls that
cannot
be handled immediately are
queued.
In call centers
A good example of the use of
teletraffic theory in practice is in the
design and management of a call center.

equal to the product of the


mathematical expectation of the
number of calls coming in per unit time
and the average time required for a
call. Intensity is measured in terms of
the erlang, which is equal to the traffic
whose calls, if placed end to end, would
keep one channel continuously
occupied.

Traffic Density
the traffic per time unit.
the unit usually employed are the CCS
and the busy hour
usually stated in terms of CCS per hour
(BH CCS.)
express traffic in terms of busy hour
Erlang (BH ERL)

Traffic Rate
the busy hour traffic density per traffic
source (subscriber line, selector, etc.)
Note: there is a difference between
calling rate, which is calls per traffic
source, and traffic rate, which is density
(BH CCS, BH ERL, etc.) per traffic source.

Grade of Service
measure of the probability, that
during a specified period of peak
traffic a call offered to a group of
trunks or circuits will fail on idle
circuit at the first attempt.
Usually applied to the busy hour of
traffic.

Full Availability Switches


devices with lines and trunks
Limited Availability
not all the free outlets in a switching system
can be reached by inlets
the absence of full availability
Carried Traffic
the volume of traffic actually carried by a
switch.
Offered Traffic
the volume of traffic offered to a switch.

A.

Traffic Measurements

Traffic

Quantity
Traffic Intensity
Call Intensity

Telephone Traffic Calculations


Units of Traffic Intensity
Traffic Flow or Traffic Intensity

Traffic Measurements

Traffic

Quantity

It

represent the total number of channel uses in


units of time.

Traffic

Intensity

Also

called traffic load


Average number of calls present during a period
of time
Call

Intensity

Used

in estimating traffic loads on control


equipment where the duration of calls on the
traffic-carrying path is irrelevant

Telephone Traffic Calculations


1. Units of Traffic Intensity
Erlang
Named

after Danish Mathematician


Agner Krarup Erlang
International dimensionless unit of traffic
intensity
One Erlang of traffic intensity on one
traffic circuit means continues occupancy
of that cicuit

CallSecond(CS),

CallMinute, Call

Hour(Ch)
Are

units of traffic quantity representing the


occupation of a circuit for a second, minute, or
hour

Century

Call Second(CCS)

Unit

of traffic intensity equal to 1/36 of an


Erlang
Known as Hundred Call-Second(HCS)
Equated

Busy Hour
Call(EBHC)
1 Erlang
= 60
European unit for traffic
Cminintensity equal to 1/36
of an Erlang
= 36
CCs
= 36

2. Traffic Flow or Traffic


Intensity

Calling Rate

Average number of calls placed during the


busy hour

Holding

Time

Duration of occupancy of a traffic path of


a call

Grade

of Service
Blocking Probability

Sample Problem
Calculate

the traffic intensity in Erlang,


given the following calling rate of holding
tme.
A. c = 1000calls/hr; t= 90 secs ; A= 25 ERL
B. c = 1200 calls/hr; t = 2mins ; A= 40 ERL

a. EBHC = Ax30EBHC = 750 EBHC


b.

References:
http://www.daenotes.com/electronics/com
munication-system/telephone-traffictrunking-principle#axzz1jQEFovtM
http://wireless.per.nl/reference/chaptr04/erl
ang/erlang.html
http://www.wikipedia.com

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