CE 244
MATERIALS OF
CONSTRUCTION
Course Objectives
Todevelopabasicunderstandingofkey
materialproperties,requirements,andrelated
behaviorcharacteristicsoftypicalconstruction
materials.
Course Content
Types
Production methods
Uses in construction
Properties and related tests of the
following materials of construction:
Building Stones
Metals
Clay Products
Gypsum
Lime
Cements
Mineral
Aggregates
Concrete
Timber
Course Content
These
materials are used in all civil
engineering structures such as;
buildings, bridges, highways, railways,
tunnels, dams, harbor structures,
towers & etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
1.
According to their phases
2.
According to their internal structure
& chemical composition
Phase Classification
1.
Gases : Air, oxygen, CO2
2.
Liquids : Water, chemical admixtures
3.
Semi-solids : Fresh pastes, mortars,
asphalt
4.
Solids : Metals, hardened concrete
1.
Internal Structure &
Chemical Composition
Classification
Metals : (formed by metallic bonds)
A. Ferrous (iron, cast iron, steel)
B. Non-ferrous (aluminum, copper, zinc, lead)
2.
Polymers : (long chains having
molecules of C, H, O, N which are
formed by covalent bonding. The chains
are bound to eachother either by
covalent bonds or Van der Waals
forces.)
A. Natural (rubber, asphalt, resins, wood)
B. Artificial (plastics)
Internal Structure &
Chemical Composition
Classification
3. Ceramics
: (mainly aluminosilicates
formed by mixed bonding, covalent and
ionic)
A. Structural clay products (bricks, tiles, pipes)
B. Porcelains
4.
Composite Materials :
A. Natural (agglemerates)
B. Artificial (Portland cement, concrete)
Internal Structure &
Chemical Composition
Classification
5.
Reinforced Composite Materials :
(reinforced concrete, reinforced
plastics)
One of the most important task of an
engineer is to select the most
suitable material for a given civil
engineering structure.
Factors Determining the
Choice of Proper Material for
a Structure
Strength, rigidity & Durability Requirements
Permanent loading Creep Strength
Repeated loading Fatique Strength
Impact loading Toughness & Resilience
Surface loading Hardness & Resistance to abrasion
Environmental Requirements
Temperature change coefficient of thermal conductivity
Moisture movement permeability
Chemical effects chemical composition
Factors Determining the
Choice of Proper Material for
a Structure
Economy. Choose the cheaper & available
materials considering
Initial cost
Useful life
Frequency of maintenance
Cost of maintenance
Salvage value
Comfortability
Example: Comparison of concrete
pavement vs. asphalt pavement for
economy.
Concrete
Asphalt
Initial Cost
Useful Life
Frequency of Repair
Cost of Repair
Salvage Value
Comfortability
General Properties of
Civil Engineering
Physical **
Materials
Mechanical **
Chemical
Other
Thermal, Acoustical, Optical, Electrical
** Most CE Applications Focus on
Physical & Mechanical Properties
Physical Properties
Properties of physical structure
density
specific gravity
porosity
permeability
surface energy
texture (micro, macro)
other (color, thermal
expansion, shape)
Mechanical Properties
Resistance to applied loads (stress)
initially & over time
stiffness
strength
fracture / yielding
(brittle / ductile)
tension
compression
flexure (bending)
torsion
direct shear
multiaxial
Chemical Properties
Chemical composition, potential
reaction with environment
oxide content
carbonate content
acidity, alkalinity
resistance to corrosion
Determining the
Properties of Civil
Engineering
Materials
Properties of materials
are determined
by
Laboratory testing
Field testing.
To avoid inconsistencies in test results
STANDARDS are devised which
describe the test apparatus and the
procedure.
Items that are usually
standardized in a test are:
Obtaining test specimens and number of
specimens
Size and shape of the specimen
Preparation of specimens for testing
Temperature & moisture during preparation &
testing
Type of machinery
Rate of loading
Interpretation of test results
Writing a report
Standardization Institutes
Turkey - Turkish Standards Institute
(TSE)
England - British Standards Institute
(BSI)
Germany - Deutsche Institute Norm
(DIN)
U.S. - American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM)
Europe - European Committee for
Standardization (CEN)
CEMENTITIOUS
MATERIALS
Although there are several different
materials which have adhesive
properties, three types are of particular
interest to civil engineers.
Glues : materials of gelatinous nature
derived from vegetable or animal
sources.
Bituminous Materials : complex
hydrocarbon
Various Compounds of Calcium :
gypsum, lime, cements
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
Cementitious materials are substances
which, upon certain chemical reactions
attain binding properties
Non-hydraulic cements (gypsum and lime)
Hydraulic cements (portland cement)
Hydraulicity is that property of
gaining binding value when mixed with
water and remaining stable when
exposed to water.
SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF
CEMENTITIOUS
MATERIALS
Fineness : Particle size.
Normal Consistency : A standard amount of
water which gives a certain fluidity to the paste.
Time of Setting : Beginning of complete loss of
plasticity.
Sand Carrying Capacity : Amount of sand that
can be added without harming plasticity
Hardening : Formation of solid phase; complete
loss of plasticity.
Yield : Volume of final product obtained in
comparison with volumes of constituent
materials.
