Power Electronics and Switch

Mode Power Supply

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Objectives
Understand the basic principle of Power Supply Unit
Study Series and Shunt Regulators
Know what are the implications of Power supply
Study Linear Regulator
Know the power supply specifications
Understand the block diagram of SMPS
Explore Heater as SMPS
Compare SMPS and Linear Supplies
Study Buck and Boost Types of Switch-mode regulators

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Basic Principles of PSU Circuits

Power Supply :
Provides power with the characteristics
required by the load

Block diagram of PSU

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Dissipative Power Supplies

Regulation by a conversion of excessive power to heat
Converts heat with either a series or a shunt element

Series Regulators:

Shunt Regulators:

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Dissipative Power Supplies

Shunt Regulators :

Vin = Vo * (1 + SQRT (1-a)) / a

Where,
a = 1-tolerance
R2 = a * (Vin Vo) / Imax
Imax = Maximum load current

Implications of Power Loss :

Three systems with the same
electronic load with power supplies of
three different efficiencies, 35%, 65%,
and 83%.
Equal Thermal Density Vs Efficiency
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Linear Regulator

(a)

(b)

(c)

Linear Regulator (a) :

Output voltage Vo = Vi (R2/R1 + R2)

Passive Linear Regulators (b) :

Vo = Vz Vbe

Active Linear Regulators (c)

Vo = Vref (R4 / R5)

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Linear Regulator
Advantages:
Extremely low ripple and noise
Tight regulation
Fast Transient Response
No RFI and EMI
Disadvantages:
Efficiency Main regulator 45%
Large heat sink required
Lower power supply density
Cost and efficiency are the limitations for high current
applications

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Power Supply Specifications

DC Output Voltage(s) VO
(range)
DC Output Current(s) IO
(range)
Load regulation % or mV
Line Regulation % or mV
Ripple / Wideband noise mV
Temperature Coefficient V
per C
Load Transient Recovery time
s
Short Circuit protection SCP
Over voltage protection OVP

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Under voltage protection

Temperature Rating 0 17 C or
-55 to 100 C
RFI suppression +EMI shielding
DC output isolation
Input voltage range
Size and shape
Weight
Connectors
Turn on / turn off spikes
Voltage rate-of-rise at turn on
Vibration resistance
Shutdown mode supply current

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Common parameters
Input Range :
For 110V AC current, an input range of 90V 135V
For a 220V current, a range of 180V 270V
MTBF and MTTF :
Mean Time between Failure (MTBF) and Mean Time to
Failure (MTTF) are the two parameters related to the
failure of the power supply
Peak Inrush Current :
Greatest amount of current drawn by the power supply at a given
moment immediately after it is turned on
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Common parameters
Transient Response :
Amount of time taken by a power supply to stabilize
the output power levels after a device in the system
starts or stops drawing power
Load Current :
Maximum load current
Minimum load current
Hold-up Time :

Amount of time that a power supply can maintain output

within the specified voltage ranges after a loss of input
power

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Common parameters
Over-voltage Protection :

Trip points for each output at which the power

supply shunts down

Load Regulation :

Change in the voltage for a particular output as

it transitions from its minimum load to its
maximum load (or voce versa)

Line regulation :

Change in the output voltage as the AC input

voltage transitions from the lowest to the
highest value of the input range

Efficiency :

Ratio of power input to power output expressed

in terms of percentage

Power Density :

Defined as watts per cubic inch

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Common parameters
Physical dimensions and can be given in inches
(in) or millimeters (mm)

Dimension :

Weight :

Specified in pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg)

Fan Size
Fan Bearing Type
Fan Characteristics :
Voltage
Capacity
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SMPS Block Diagram

Functional Block Diagram of SMPS :

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Switching Mode Power Supplies

Heater :

Heater schematic

Heater Waveform

Duty Cycle = Ton / (Ton + Toff)

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Linear and SMPS Comparison

Efficiency :

Efficiency comparisons between series pass

and switch mode power supply

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Cost :

Cost comparison between series

pass and switch mode power
supply

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Linear and SMPS Comparison

Volume / Weight :

Volume / Weight comparison between series pass and SMPS

Adjustable Frequency :
Switch mode allows adjusting the frequency from 1 to 300 kHz
Flexibility :
SMPS more flexible due to capability of adjusting frequency
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Linear and SMPS Comparison

Noise :

Noise comparison between

series pass and SMPS
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Linear and SMPS Comparison

Transient Response :

Parameter

Switcher

Linear

Efficiency

75%

30%

Size

20 KHz Switcher Vs Linear

Performance :

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2.0 W / in3

0.5 W / in3

Weight

40 W / lb

Cost (200 500 W)

$ 1.00 / W

$ 1.25 / W

Cost (50 150 W)

$ 1.50 / W

$ 1.50 / W

10 W / lb

Line and Load

Regulation

0.1 %

0.1%

Output Ripple Vp-p

50 mV

5.0 mV

Noise Vp-p

50 200 mV

20 mV

Transient Response

1 ms

Hold-up Time

20 30 ms

Design

Complex

Power Density

High

Input Line Filter

Required

EMI

High

20 s
1 2 ms
Simple
Low
Not-required
Low

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Linear and SMPS Comparison

Offer better energy control
Less Weight
Advantages:

Higher density (Watts / in3 )

Provide modularization
Provides additional alternatives to optimize audio
design circuitry

EMI filtering &shielding is required

Disadvantages:
Noise
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Summary
A Power Supply
a buffer circuit or Electronic Device that provides power
with the characteristics required by the load from a primary
source with characteristics incompatible with the load

Dissipative regulators
Conversion of excessive power to heat

Linear Regulator
A voltage divider circuit

SMPS
Minimal power loss during power conversion

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