Medical Terminology

A Living Language

Chapter 13
Special Senses: The Eye and Ear
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Multimedia Directory
Slide 13Eye Anatomy Animation
Slide 39Eye Anatomy Exercise
Slide 46Conjunctivitis Video
Slide 55Optometrist Video
Slide 62Cataracts Video
Slide 63Macular Degeneration Video
Slide 75Snellen Chart Video
Slide 93Audiology Video
Slide 95Ear Anatomy Animation
Slide 109Ear Anatomy Exercise
Slide 114Inner Ear Anatomy Animation
Slide 129Otitis Media Video
Slide 133Tympanometry Video
Slide 136Audiometry Video
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

The Eye at a Glance

Function

of the Eye

Contains sensory receptors for vision

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

The Eye at a Glance

Structures

of the Eye

Sclera
Choroid
Retina
Eyeball
Conjunctiva
Eye muscles
Eyelids
Lacrimal apparatus

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Combining Forms

ambly/o
aque/o
blephar/o
chrom/o
conjunctiv/o
core/o
corne/o

dull or dim
water
eyelid
color
conjunctiva
pupil
cornea

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Combining Forms

cycl/o
dacry/o
dipl/o
glauc/o
ir/o
irid/o
kerat/o

ciliary muscle
tear; tear duct
double
gray
iris
iris
cornea

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Combining Forms

lacrim/o
ocul/o
ophthalm/o
opt/o
optic/o
nyctal/o
papill/o
phac/o

tears
eye
eye
eye, vision
eye
night
optic disk
lens

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Combining Forms

phot/o
presby/o
pupill/o
retin/o
scler/o
uve/o
vitre/o

light
old age
pupil
retina
sclera
vascular
glassy

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Suffixes
metrist
opia
tropia

one who measures

vision
to turn

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology

Ophthalmology

(Ophth) is study of the eye

Eyeball

Organ of sight
Transmits external image using sensory impulses
via optic nerve to brain
Brain translates sensory impulses into image

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology

External

structures important for vision

In addition to eyeball
Eye muscles
Eyelids
Conjunctiva
Lacrimal apparatus

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Anatomy Animation

Click here to view an animation on the anatomy of the eye.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Back

to Directory

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

The Eyeball
Composed

of three layers:

Sclera
Choroid
Retina

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Sclera
Outermost

layer
Tough protective
layer
Another term for
sclera is white of eye
Anterior portion is
cornea

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.1 The internal structures of the eye.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Cornea
Anterior

portion of

sclera
Clear, transparent
Allows light to enter
Bends, or refracts,
light rays

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.1 The internal structures of the eye.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Choroid
Middle

layer
Provides blood
supply for eye
Anterior portion:
Iris
Pupil
Ciliary

body

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.1 The internal structures of the eye.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Iris and Pupil

Iris

Colored portion of
eye
Smooth muscle that
changes size of pupil

Pupil

Opening in center of
iris
Allows light to enter
into eyeball

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Ciliary Body and Lens

Lens

Behind iris
Not actually part of
choroid layer
Attached to ciliary body

Ciliary

body

Pulls on edge of lens

Changes shape of lens
so it can focus light
onto retina

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.1 The internal structures of the eye.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Retina
Contains

sensory
receptor cells that
detect light rays
Rods
Active in dim light
See gray tones

Cones

Active only in bright

light
Color vision

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.1 The internal structures of the eye.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Retina
Macula

lutea

Area of retina where

image forms

Fovea

centralis

Depression in center
of macula lutea
High number of
cones
Point of clearest
vision

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.1 The internal structures of the eye.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Optic Disk
Point

where the optic nerve leaves eyeball

Retinal blood vessels enter and leave through
optic disk
No rods or cones

Results in blind spot in each eyes field of vision

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.2 Photograph of the retina of the eye. The optic disk
appears yellow and the retinal arteries radiate out from it.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Fluids
Aqueous

humor

Watery fluid
Located between cornea and lens

Vitreous

humor

Semi-solid gel
Located between lens and retina

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Muscles of the Eye

Six

muscles that connect eyeball to skull

4 rectus muscles pull straight

2 oblique muscles pull on an angle

Contract

in combination to change direction in

which each eye is looking

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.3 The external eye muscles.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eyelids
A pair

cover each eyeball

Provide protection from foreign particles,
injury, sun, and trauma
Both upper and lower edges have eyelashes
or cilia that protect eye from foreign particles
Sebaceous glands located in eyelids secrete
a lubricating oil onto surface of eyeball

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.1 The internal structures of the eye.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Conjunctiva
A mucous

membrane
Forms continuous covering on underside of
each eyelid and across anterior surface of
each eyeball
Protects eyeball

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.1 The internal structures of the eye.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Lacrimal Apparatus
Lacrimal

gland

Located under outer upper corner of each eyelid

Produces tears
Tears wash and lubricate anterior surface of eyeball

Lacrimal

ducts

Located in inner corner of eye socket

Collect tears
Drain into nasolacrimal duct
Ultimately drain into nasal cavity

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.5 The structure of the lacrimal apparatus.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Anatomy Exercise

Click here to review eye anatomy in a labeling activity.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Back

to Directory

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

How We See
rays pass
through:

Light

Cornea
Pupil
Aqueous humor
Lens
Vitreous humor

Then

strike retina

Stimulating rods and

cones

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.6 The path of light through the cornea, pupil, lens, and
striking the retina.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

How We See
Upside-down

image
forms on retina
Optic nerve
transmits this image
to brain
Brain turns upsidedown image into
right-side up image

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.7 The image formed on the retina is inverted. The brain
rights the image as part of the interpretation process.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Vision

Vision requires four mechanisms:

Coordination of external eye muscles so that both

eyes move together
Correct amount of light admitted by pupil
Correct focus of light upon retina by lens
Optic nerve transmitting sensory images to brain

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Word Building with blephar/o and

conjunctiv/o
itis

blepharitis

inflammation of eyelid

plasty

blepharoplasty

surgical repair of eyelid

ptosis

blepharoptosis

drooping eyelid

ectomy

blepharectomy

removal of eyelid

al

conjunctival

pertaining to conjunctiva

itis

conjunctivitis

inflammation of conjunctiva

plasty

conjunctivoplasty

surgical repair of
conjunctiva

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Conjunctivitis Video

Click here to view a video on conjunctivitis.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Back

to Directory

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Word Building with corne/o, cycl/o &

dacry/o
al

corneal

pertaining to cornea

plegia

cycloplegia

paralysis of ciliary body

cyst/o
itis

dacryocystitis

inflammation of tear
bladder

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Word Building with dipl/o, ir/o & irid/o

opia

diplopia

double vision

itis

iritis

inflammation of iris

al

iridal

pertaining to iris

ectomy

iridectomy

removal of iris

plegia

iridoplegia

paralysis of iris

scler/o
otomy

iridosclerotomy

incision into iris and sclera

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Word Building with kerat/o, lacrim/o &

ocul/o
itis

keratitis

inflammation of cornea

meter

keratometer

instrument to measure cornea

otomy

keratotomy

incision into cornea

al

lacrimal

pertaining to tears

ar

ocular

pertaining to eye

intra ar intraocular

pertaining to inside eye

myc/o
osis

abnormal condition of eye

fungus

oculomycosis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Word Building with ophthalm/o

algia

ophthalmalgia

eye pain

ic

ophthalmic

pertaining to eye

logist

ophthalmologist

eye specialist

plegia

ophthalmoplegia

eye weakness

rrhagia ophthalmorrhagia

rapid bleeding from eye

scope

instrument to view inside

eye

ophthalmoscope

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Word Building with opt/o, pupill/o &

retin/o
ic

optic

pertaining to eye

meter

optometer

instrument to measure eye

metrist

optometrist

one who measures eye

ary

pupillary

pertaining to pupil

al

retinal

pertaining to retina

pathy

retinopathy

retina disease

pexy

retinopexy

surgical fixation of retina

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Word Building with scler/o and uve/o

al

scleral

pertaining to sclera

malacia scleromalacia

sclera softening

otomy

sclerotomy

incision into sclera

itis

scleritis

inflammation of sclera

itis

uveitis

inflammation of choroid

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Vocabulary
emmetropia

state of normal vision

legally blind

severely impaired vision; having 20/200

acuity

nyctalopia

difficulty seeing in dim light; also called

night blindness

ophthalmology

diagnosis and treatment of diseases of

the eye

optician

specialist in grinding corrective lenses

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Vocabulary
optometry

specializing in examining eyes, testing

vision, and prescribing corrective lenses

papilledema

swelling of the optic disk; also called

choked disk

photophobia

strong sensitivity to bright light

presbyopia

visual loss due to old age

xerophthalmia dry eyes

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Optometrist Video

Click here to view a video on the duties of an optometrist.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Back

to Directory

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eyeball Pathology
achromatopsia

unable to perceive one or more

colors; color blindness

monochromatism

unable to perceive one specific color

amblyopia

loss of vision not as a result of eye

pathology; commonly called lazy eye

corneal abrasion

scraping injury to cornea

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eyeball Pathology
astigmatism

blurred vision due to uneven cornea; light

rays do not focus sharply on retina

hyperopia

image comes into focus behind retina;

can see clearly at a distance but not up
close; also called far sightedness

myopia

image comes into focus in front of retina;

can see clearly up close but not at a
distance; also called nearsightedness

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.9 Hyperopia (farsightedness). In the uncorrected top figure, the

image would come into focus behind the retina, making the image on the
retina blurry. The bottom image shows how a biconvex lens corrects this
condition.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.10 Myopia (nearsightedness). In the uncorrected top figure, the

image comes into focus in front of the lens, making the image on the retina
blurry. The bottom image shows how a biconcave lens corrects this
condition.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eyeball Pathology
cataract

damage to lens causing it to become

cloudy

glaucoma

chronic increase in intraocular pressure;

results in atrophy of optic nerve

macular
deterioration of macula lutea area of
degeneration retina

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.8 Photograph of a person with a cataract in the right

eye.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Cataracts Video

Click here to view a video on cataracts.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Back

to Directory

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Macular Degeneration Video

Click here to view a video on macular degeneration.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Back

to Directory

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eyeball Pathology
retinal
detachment

separation of retina from choroid layer;

damages blood vessels and nerves
causing blindness

retinitis
pigmentosa

progressive disease in which retina

becomes hard and pigmented, then
atrophies

retinoblastoma

malignant eye tumor occurring in young

children

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Conjunctiva Pathology
pterygium

hypertrophied conjunctival tissue in inner

corner of eye

trachoma

chronic bacterial infection of conjunctiva

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eyelid Pathology
hordeolum

purulent infection of sebaceous gland of

eyelid; also called a stye (or sty)

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Muscle Pathology

strabismus

eye muscle weakness resulting in eyes

looking in different directions at same time

esotropia
(ST)

type of strabismus with inward turning of

eye; also called cross-eyed

exotropia
(XT)

type of strabismus with outward turning of

eye; also called wall-eyed

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.4 Photograph of an infant with strabismus. The left eye is turned inward, called esotropia.
(Bart's Medical Library/Phototake NYC)

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Brain-related Vision Pathology

hemianopia

loss of vision in half of visual field; often

result of a stroke

nystagmus

jerky involuntary eye movements;

indicator of brain injury

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Examination Tests

color vision
tests

use of multicolored charts to determine

ability to recognize colors

fluorescein
angiography

injection of fluorescein dye into

bloodstream to observe blood flow within
eye

fluorescein
staining

applying fluorescein eye drops to cornea

to look for corneal abrasions

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.11 An example of color blindness test. A person with redgreen color blindness would not be able to distinguish the green
27 from the surrounding red circles.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Examination Tests

keratometry

measures curvature of cornea

ophthalmoscopy examination of interior of eye

refractive error
test

vision test for defect in ability of eye to

focus image on retina; tests for
hyperopia and myopia

slit lamp
microscopy

examining posterior surface of cornea

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.12 Examination of the interior of the eye using an

ophthalmoscope.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Examination Tests

Snellen chart

used for testing distance vision

tonometry

measures intraocular pressure

visual acuity
(VA)

measures sharpness of vision

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Snellen Chart Video

Click here to view a video on using a Snellen chart.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Back

to Directory

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Surgical Treatments
cryoextraction

use of extremely cold probe to lift

cataract from lens

use of high-frequency sound waves

phacoemulsification to liquefy lens with a cataract which
is then removed with a needle
keratoplasty

surgical repair of cornea with a

cornea transplant

enucleation

surgical removal of eyeball

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Surgical Treatments
laser-assisted insitu
correction of myopia using laser
keratomileusis
surgery to remove corneal tissue
(LASIK)
photorefractive
keratectomy
(PRK)

use of laser to reshape cornea; treats

myopia

radial
spoke-like incision around cornea to
keratotomy (RK) flatten it; treats myopia

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figurer 13.13 LASIK surgery. The cornea has been lifted in order
to reshape it. (Chris Barry/Phototake NYC)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Surgical Treatments
cryoretinopexy

surgical fixation of retina using extreme

cold

laser
use of laser to destroy very small
photocoagulation precise areas of retina
scleral buckling

placing band around outside of sclera

to stabilize detached retina

strabotomy

incision into eye muscles to correct

strabismus

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Pharmacology
anesthetic
ophthalmic
solution

eyedrops to deaden pain

antibiotic
ophthalmic
solution

eyedrops to treat bacterial Del-Mycin,

infection
Ilotycin

ophthalmic
decongestant

constricts arterioles of eye

Visine,
to reduce redness and
Murine
itching

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Ocu-Caine,
Pontocaine

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Pharmacology
antiglaucoma
medication

reduces intraocular
pressure

Betimol, Timoptic

artificial tears

treats dry eyes

Akwa Tears,
Refresh Plus

constricts pupil

Eserine Sulfate,
Miostat

dilates pupil

Atropine-Care,
Atropisol
Ophtalmic

miotic
mydriatic

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Abbreviations
ARMD

age-related macular degeneration

Astigm

astigmatism

c. gl.

correction with glasses

diopters (lens strength)

DVA

distance visual acuity

ECCE

extracapsular cataract extraction

EENT

eye, ear, nose, throat

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Abbreviations
EM

emmetropia

EOM

extraocular movement

ICCE

intracapsular cataract extraction

IOP

intraocular pressure

LASIK

laser assisted in-situ keratomileusis

OD

right eye

Ophth.

ophthalmology

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Abbreviations
OS

left eye

OU

each eye/both eyes

PERRLA

pupils equal, round, reactive to light and

accommodation

PRK

photorefractive keratectomy

REM

rapid eye movement

s. gl.

without correction or glasses

SMD

senile macular degeneration

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eye Abbreviations
ST

esotropia

VA

visual acuity

VF

visual field

XT

exotropia

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

The Ear at a Glance

Function

of the Ear

Contains sensory receptors for hearing and

equilibrium (balance)

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

The Ear at a Glance

Structures

of the Ear

Auricle
External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Ear Combining Forms

acous/o
audi/o
audit/o
aur/o
auricul/o
cerumin/o

hearing
hearing
hearing
ear
ear
cerumen

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Ear Combining Forms

cochle/o
labyrinth/o
myring/o
ot/o
salping/o
staped/o
tympan/o

cochlea
labyrinth (inner ear)
eardrum
ear
eustachian tube
stapes
eardrum, middle ear

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Ear Suffixes
cusis
otia

hearing
ear condition

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology

Otology

(Oto) is study of the ear

Audiology is study of hearing disorders
Ear responsible for two senses:
Hearing
Equilibrium or sense of balance

Sensory

information carried to brain by

vestibulocochlear nerve
Cochlear nerve hearing information
Vestibular nerve balance information

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Audiology Video

Click here to view a video on audiology.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Back

to Directory

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

The Ear
Ear

is subdivided into three regions:

External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Ear Anatomy Animation

Click here to view an animation on the anatomy of the ear.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Back

to Directory

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

External Ear
Auricle

or pinna

Only portion visible

Captures sound
waves
Directs them through
external auditory
meatus

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

External Ear
Auditory

canal

Sound moves along

canal

Cerumen

Produced by oil
glands in auditory
canal
Oily wax slowly flows
out of ear canal
removing dirt that has
stuck to it

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

External Ear
Tympanic

membrane
Commonly called
eardrum
Sound waves strike
membrane
Causes it to vibrate

Tympanic

membrane
separates external
ear from middle ear

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.14 The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner
ear.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

The Middle Ear

Small

cavity
Located in temporal
bone of skull
Contains three tiny
bones called
ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.14 The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner
ear.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Ossicles
Tympanic

membrane
vibrates incus
Vibrations amplify as
they move from one
ossicle to next
Stapes transmits
vibration to oval
window
Start

of inner ear

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.15 Close-up view of the ossicles within the middle ear.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Eustachian Tube
Also

called auditory tube

Connects nasopharynx with middle ear
Opens with each swallow
Equalizes pressure between middle ear cavity
and atmospheric pressure

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.14 The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner
ear.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

The Inner Ear

Labyrinth

Cavity within
temporal bone
Houses inner ear

Contains

sensory

organs

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Sensory Organs of Inner Ear

Hearing

Cochlea
Organs of Corti

Equilibrium

Semicircular canals
Utricle
Saccule

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.14 The internal structures of the outer, middle, and inner
ear.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Ear Anatomy Exercise

Click here to review ear anatomy with a labeling activity.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Back

to Directory

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

How We Hear
Sound

waves travel down external auditory

canal, strike eardrum
Eardrum vibrates

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

How We Hear
Ossicles

conduct vibrations across middle ear

from eardrum to oval window
Oval window movements initiate vibrations in
fluid that fills cochlea

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

How We Hear
Fluid

vibrations strike hair cells, bending small

hairs and stimulating nerve endings
Nerve ending sends electrical impulse to brain
on cochlear portion of vestibulocochlear nerve

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.16 The path of sound waves through the outer, middle,
and inner ear.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Inner Ear Anatomy Animation

Click here to view an animation on inner ear anatomy.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Back

to Directory

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Hearing Loss
Conductive hearing loss
Disease or malformation
of outer or middle ear
All sound is weaker and
muffled since it is not
conducted correctly to
inner ear

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Sensorineural hearing loss

Damage or malformation
of inner ear (cochlea) or
the cochlear nerve
Sounds are distorted
because nerve impulse is
incorrect

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Word Building with acous/o, audi/o &

audit/o
tic

acoustic

pertaining to hearing

gram

audiogram

record of hearing

meter

audiometer

instrument to measure hearing

logist

audiologist

hearing specialist

ory

auditory

pertaining to hearing

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Word Building with aur/o, auricul/o,

cochle/o and salping/o
al

aural

pertaining to ear

ar

auricular

pertaining to ear

ar

cochlear

pertaining to cochlea

itis

salpingitis

inflammation of eustachian tube

otomy salpingotomy incision into eustachian tube

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Word Building with labyrinth/o &

myring/o
ectomy

labyrinthectomy

removal of labyrinth

otomy

labyrinthotomy

incision into labyrinth

itis

myringitis

inflammation of eardrum

ectomy

myringectomy

removal of eardrum

plasty

myringoplasty

surgical repair of eardrum

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Word Building with ot/o

algia

otalgia

ear pain

ic

otic

pertaining to ear

itis

otitis

inflammation of ear

logist

otologist

ear specialist

rrhagia

otorrhagia

bleeding from ear

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Word Building with ot/o

scope

otoscope

instrument to view ear

plasty

otoplasty

surgical repair of ear

myc/o
osis

otomycosis

abnormal condition of ear

fungus

py/o
rrhea

otopyorrhea

discharge of pus from ear

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Word Building with tympan/o

ic

tympanic

pertaining to eardrum

itis

tympanitis

inflammation of eardrum

meter

tympanometer

instrument to measure
eardrum

plasty

tympanoplasty

surgical repair of eardrum

rrhexis

tympanorrhexis

ruptured eardrum

otomy

tympanotomy

incision into eardrum

ectomy

tympanectomy

removal of eardrum

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Word Building with otia

macro

macrotia

large ears

micro

microtia

small ears

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Ear Vocabulary
American Sign
Language
(ASL)

nonverbal method of communicating

using hands and fingers to represent
words and concepts

binaural

referring to both ears

monaural

referring to one ear

decibel (dB)

measures loudness of sound

hertz (Hz)

measures pitch of sound

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.17 Photograph of a teacher and student communicating using

American Sign Language. (Trevon Baker/Baker Consulting and Design)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Ear Vocabulary
otorhinolaryngology
(ENT)

diagnosis and treatment of

diseases of ear, nose, and throat

presbycusis

normal loss of hearing with age

residual hearing

amount of hearing remaining after

damage has occurred

tinnitus

ringing in ears

vertigo

dizziness

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Hearing Loss Pathology

anacusis

total absence of hearing; total deafness

deafness

inability to hear or having some degree of

hearing impairment

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

External Ear Pathology

ceruminoma

excessive accumulation of earwax

forming hard wax plug

otitis externa
(OE)

external ear infection; often by fungus;

also called otomycosis or swimmers ear

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Middle Ear Pathology

otitis media
(OM)

infection of middle ear; most commonly

seen in children; watery fluid (serous otitis
media) or pus (purulent otitis media)
accumulates in middle ear cavity

otosclerosis

loss of mobility of stapes bone; leads to

hearing loss as it cannot vibrate

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Otitis Media Video

Click here to view a video on otitis media.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Back

to Directory

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Inner Ear Pathology

acoustic
neuroma

benign tumor of cochlear nerve;

symptoms include tinnitus, headache,
dizziness, and hearing loss

labyrinthitis

inner ear infection; causes hearing and

equilibrium symptoms

Mnires
disease

progressive hearing loss, vertigo, and

tinnitus; causes not well understood

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Audiology Tests
audiometry

test of hearing ability in regards to both

intensity and pitch person is able to
hear

use of a tuning fork placed either next

Rinne & Weber
to ear or against skull to assess both
tuning fork tests
nerve and bone conduction of sound

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.18 Audiometry exam. Photograph of a young person holding up

his hand to indicate in which ear he is able to hear the sound. (Jorgen
Shytte/Peter Arnold, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Tympanometry Video

Click here to view a video on performing tympanometry.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Back

to Directory

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Otology Tests
otoscopy

examination of ear canal and eardrum

tympanometry

measurement of movement of
tympanic membrane to asses
pressure inside middle ear

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.19 An otoscope, used to visually examine the external

auditory ear canal and tympanic membrane.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Audiometry Video

Click here to view a video on audiometry.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Back

to Directory

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Balance Tests
falling test

assesses equilibrium; balancing on

one foot with eyes open and then
closed

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Audiology Procedures
hearing aid

mechanical device used to amplify

sound

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Surgical Treatments
cochlear
implant

mechanical device surgically placed

behind outer ear; converts sound into
magnetic impulses to stimulate auditory
nerve; treats sensorineural hearing loss

myringotomy

incision into eardrum to drain fluid

accumulated in middle ear cavity

pressure
equalizing
tube
(PE tube)

surgical placement of tube in eardrum to

allow for continuous drainage of fluid from
middle ear cavity

stapedectomy replacement of damaged stapes

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Figure 13.20 Photograph of a child with a cochlear implant.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Ear Pharmacology
antibiotic otic
solution

eardrops to treat otitis

externa

Neomycin,
Otocort

antiemetics

treats nausea
associated with vertigo

Antivert,
Compazine

antiinflammatory
otic solution

reduces inflammation
and itching of otitis
externa

Allergan Ear
Drops

wax
emulsifiers

softens ear wax

Debrox Drops

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Ear Abbreviations
AD

right ear

AS

left ear

ASL

American Sign Language

AU

both ears

BC

bone conduction

dB

decibel

EENT

eye, ear, nose, throat

ENT

ear, nose, throat

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Ear Abbreviations
HEENT head, eyes, ears, nose, throat
Hz

hertz

OM

otitis media

Oto

otology

PE tube pressure equalizing tube

PORP

partial ossicular replacement prosthesis

SOM

serous otitis media

TORP

total ossicular replacement prosthesis

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition

Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.