Porositas/Neutron Presentation
By Muhammad Gandhi
NEUTRON LOG
Logging tool emits high energy neutrons
into formation
Neutrons collide with nuclei of formations
atom
Neutrons lose energy (velocity) with each
collision
Most energy lost when colliding with a
hydrogen atom nucleus
Log records porosity based on neutrons
captured by formation
NEUTRON TOOL PRINCIPLE
Detects neutrons from the source which have been
scattered back by the formation
NEUTRON TOOL PRINCIPLE
The neutron tool employs
a dual detector design
to compensate for
mudcake, lithology, etc.
Still, corrections
are required for
the NPHI values
NOTICE : The tool is
pressed
against the borehole
wall to eliminate mud
effects
GRAIN PACKING AND SORTING
Jadi kalau dihubungkan dengan resistivity log (Besar) belum tentu
porosity nya besar, karena
Pengaruh dari cement
Porosity is different in clastics (eg. sandstone) and carbonates.
LIFE OF A NEUTRON
Neutrons emitted from source
Neutrons interact with Hydrogen in
formation
Neutrons loose energy
Neutrons are absorbed or reflected back
to detectors
High counts = Low porosity
Low counts = High porosity
LIFE OF A NEUTRON
Collisions cause
neutrons to lose energy
Energy loss due
mainly to hydrogen
Therefore tool
measures amount of
hydrogen in
formation, ie., water
NEUTRON TOOL DESIGN
Both detectors placed
in long spacing zone
Count rates at the
detectors are inversely
proportional to
formation porosity
Near/Far Ratio
proportional to
porosity
Ratio compensates
for
mudcake
Source AmBe 15-20Cu
5MeV neutrons
NEUTRON MEASUREMENT
Uses
Porosity
Lithology
Curve N
POROSITY FROM NEUTRON LOG
FACTORS AFFECTING
POROSITY LOG RESPONSES
Lithology of formation
Fluid content
Environmental Effects on NPHI
Lithology Effects
The tool responds mostly to the
presence of hydrogen, but different
minerals will slow neutrons to
different degrees
Therefore, the Neutron tool reads
different values for NPHI in different
formations of the same porosity
This must be taken into account for
the NPHI curve
On a limestone
scale, the NPHI is 20%.
However the formation
is a sandstone.
What is the true porosity?
Answer : 25%
Gas Effect
In sedimentary rocks the presence of gas causes low
readings of porosity for the neutron tool and causes high
values for the density tool
This Crossover is called Gas Effect and is colored in red
on the log
The actual porosity is determined by crossplotting the
Density porosity vs. the Neutron porosity in a chart book
*Sonic is not significantly affected by gas
GAS EFFECTS ON NPHI
Gas has a lower hydrogen concentration
than oil or water due to its lower density
A neutron tool will interpret gas to be
water
occupying a smaller volume; a
smaller volume means a smaller porosity
Hence in gas zones, the neutron tool reads
lower
porosity than the actual
This gas effect requires correction
Gas Effect In Sonic
Gas Effect in
Sonic Log
The speed of sound depends
principally upon the rock
matrix material and the
porosity.
The measurement of
compressional and shear
wave slowness can help us
estimate:
Primary porosity
Lithology
Presence of natural gas
Cross Over/Butterfly Effect/Football
Effect
Cross Over
Neutron Arah Kekanan/kecil
Density arah kekiri/kecil
Biasanya diblog warna kuning(positif ada fluida)
Kalau air relatif stacking crossover (tipis
memanjang)
NEUTRON LOG INTERPRETATION
Reads deeper than density
More affected by virgin zone fluid
Gas effect
Gas lowers H concentration, lowers apparent
porosity
SHALE EFFECTS ON NPHI
Shale has bound water in its lattice
structure This water is immobile and
does not represent
any EFFECTIVE porosity
However, the neutron tool responds to the
presence of hydrogen
Since there is a substantial amount of
water in
shales, the neutron tool reads
a high NPHI
Shaliness has an effect on the neutron tool
and this requires correction
Shale effect Responds to boundwater
