Security Level: Internal O

LTE basic
AMS

2012
www.huawei.com

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Huawei Confidential

target

To Know system architecture of LTE

To know OFDM and MAC layer

To know LTE stack L2 function and L2 Scheduling algorithm

To know peak value of different bandwidth, can do basic analysis

of throughput

To know L3 basic signaling procedure

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category

LTE system architecture

EUTRAN and SAE basic architecture

EUTRAN basic protocol stack

LTE physical layer

OFDM introduction

LTE physical layer concept

LTE L2

DL/UL scheduling algorithm

DL/UL scheduling procedure

How to configure throughput

LTE L3 introduction

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LTE system architecture E-UTRAN

architecture

flat cancel RNC,put the function to eNodeB and cn

PS service only: voice service using VoIP(or CSFB)
S1 interface interface between eNodeB and SAE Gateway/MME,include control plane
and user plane.
X2 interface: interface between eNodeBs,include control plane and user plane.manage
mobility and part of air resource.
LTE-Uu interface: interface between eNodeB and UE.include control and user plane
Itf-S interface eNodeB and EMS(M2000)

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LTE system architecture SAE

architecture

Separated control and user plane,MME as a single node,GW optimize to a Serving GW

and a PDN GW,this two GW can be deployed together.
S1 interface user plane use GTP-U,the same QoS architecture
MME and Serving GW with standards interface,MME and Serving GW can be deployed as
one physical node

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LTE protocol stack- S1 Interface

S1AP S1 Application Protocol, between eNodeB and MME.

SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol, ensure the S1 signal message
transfer between MME and eNodeB,RFC2960
GTP-U GPRS tunnel protocol(user plane),the protocol of transfer user data
between eNodeB and S-GW(or Serving GW)
UDP User Datagram Protocol, transfer user data,RFC 768
Data Link layer can be PPP,Ethernet or other protocol belong to L2

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LTE protocol stack- - X2 Interface

X2 interface include X2-U(user plane) and X2-C(control plane)

X2 Data Link layer can be PPP,Ethernet or other protocol belong to L2

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LTE protocol stack - UU Interface

L3 & NAS

L2
L1
User plane

RRC protocol layer

UE with 2 RRC state
PDCP protocol layer
RLC protocol layerTalk
about
MAC protocol layer
later
PHY protocol layer

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Control plane
RRC_IDLE there is no RRC connect, the UE with state
RRC_IDLE
1) start DRX to save power
2 intercept paging channel
3 neighbor cell measurement and cell reselect
4 accept system information
5 TAU update
RRC_CONNECTED when UE at RRC_CONNECTED state
1 mobility management (HANDOVER).
2 UL/DL data transfer
3 channel status and feed back informatioN
4 support DRX config,to save UE power.
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category

LTE system architecture

EUTRAN and SAE basic architecture

EUTRAN basic protocol stack

LTE physical layer

OFDM introduction

LTE physical layer concept

LTE L2

DL/UL scheduling algorithm

DL/UL scheduling procedure

How to configure throughput

LTE L3 introduction

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LTE system physical layer

OFDM

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OFDM pros High spectrum efficiency

High spectrum efficiency
the bandwidth of each subcarrier would be adjacent to its neighbors, so there would be
no wasted spectrum
OFDM Orthogonal sub Frequency will also save spectrum

140
120

Linear Amplitude

100
80
60
40
20
0
-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

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OFDM pros anti multi-path interference

anti multi-path interference
Under the same transfer speed,if we enlarger the period of every symbol as nT,the multipath interference will be weaker.
Insert a protect interval(cyclic prefix) after every OFDM symbol will be lower multi-path
interference
Blue one will
anti
interference
red one
cannot

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OFDM time frequency signal

OFDM feature
Time domain unit Symbol
Frequency domain unit Sub-carrier

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That will compose

LTE frame.

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category

LTE system architecture

EUTRAN and SAE basic architecture

EUTRAN basic protocol stack

LTE physical layer

OFDM introduction

LTE physical layer concept

LTE L2

DL/UL scheduling algorithm

DL/UL scheduling procedure

How to configure throughput

LTE L3 introduction

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LTE frame FDD

FDD frame
Radio Frame 10ms .for FDD,DL/UL with the same 10 Subframe resource.

Sub Frame 1ms scheduling unit(also called 1 TTI)

Slot 0.5ms

Frame structure type 1 for

FDD

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FDD LTE frame smallest resource unit RE

FDD frame
1 RE=1 symbol*1 sub-carrier
1 PRB=1 slot*12 sub-carrier
How many symbols dose 1 slot contain can be configured.

Configuration

1slot
N symb

N scRB
f 15 kHz

Normal cyclic prefix

Extended cyclic prefix

12
12

Frame
structure
type 1

Frame
structure
type 2

Expand CP,extended cell will

use.

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FDD LTE frame RE

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LTE system physical layer

Basic physical
channel

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LTE physical layer

Include DL/UL physical layer
DL channel

UL

PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel
PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
channel
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel

Logic channel:the type of

transferred message(data
or other message,like
signal,scheduleing
message)
Transport channel how
the physical layer will
provide transfort service
Physical channel what
kind of
signal(modulation,encodin
g)

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LTE physical channel

DL physical layer PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel, transfer user data
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel, indicate scheduling info(DL AND
UL)
ENB will decide when to schedule, how the RB resource will be relocated,
scheduling modulation(MCS)
ENB tell UE these info through PDCCH channel
PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel, broadcast system information

With the same protocol at ENB and UE end

PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel,ullink data channel

demodulation feedback(ACK/NACK)

UE send uplink data,ENB demodulate, if error happends,ENB will tell UE to

retransmission.
UE know demodulation ACK/NACK ,can use those information evaluate quality of
channel
ENB tell UE uplink data ACK/NACK through PHICH

PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel, indicate how many

symbol the PDHCCH will occupy

Channel, indicate how many symbol the PDCCH will occupy

PCFICH always at the first symbol, take part of the symbols RE

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LTE physical layer

UL physical layer

PRACH physical random access channel

PUSCH Physical uplink Shared Channel
PUCCH Physical uplink Control Channel

1 RB

Data

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Pilot

LTE physical channel

1 RB

Every RB have reference signal RE antenna 0 with 2T2R

RS RE
1 RS REs number limited by antenna, rfc 36.211 6.10
2 correlate with PCI,ensure RS can be demodulated
3)The power of SRS is configured by using MML and
broadcast in system information.
4 function: Downlink channel evaluate and measure

Control channel PCFICH first

symbol PHICH and PDCCH will occupy 1-4
symbols.
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ps this is frame 0,as to frame 5,there is only

synchronization infor(PSCH SSCH introduce later)

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LTE physical layer

Cell search and

random access

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SCH cell search and DL synchronization

P-SCH and S-SCH primary-SCH, secondary-SCH

Frequency domain:6 RB in the middle no matter what the cell bandwidth is.

Time domain: period 5 ms

P-SCH. Slot 0 and slot 10 in a frame, the last OFDM symbol

S-SCH.

. Slot 0 and slot 10 in a frame, the last 2 OFDM symbol

504 physical cell ID splitted into 168 clusters, each cluster contain 3 PCIs

PSS AND SSS is mapping to every PCI. We get SSS, we will know the cluster, we get the PSS. we will
know PCI.

Through PSS SSS,UE will be get synchronization at frequency and time domain, and get cell PCI( group
id*3+cell id in group)

Reference Signal
Slot

UE measure celll DL RS get cell RSRP (reference signal received power )

Slot

PCFICH
PHICH

PBCH

PSS

SSS

PDCCH

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BCH PBCH and system information

System information scheduling

MIB: scheduling period 40ms,every 10 ms resend,subframe 0.

SIB1: scheduling period 80ms.every 20ms resend,sunframe 5.

SIBx: decided by Sibx itselfs Period (x=2,38),will be broadcast in

SIB1.

Inner SI window allowed retrans,and can be combined(SIB3+SIB4).

20MS

80MS

MIB
SIB1

SI1

SI2

SI3

SI1

SI2

Slot

Slot

PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH

PBCH

PSS

SSS

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System information
MIB:

SFN (system frame number,8bits), cell bandwidth PHICH

parameter
SIB1:

PLMN ID, Cell ID, TAC, Cell barred, cell select

parameter SI(other self-define) ;

SIB2:

access, UE timer,public channel parameter (RACH,

PRACH, BCCH, PCCH, PDSCH,PUCCH,PUSCH,SRS)

SIB3:

cell reselect;

SIB4:

intra-frequency neighbor

SIB5:

inter-frequency neighbor

SIB6:

UMTS neighbor;

SIB7:

GSM neighbor;

SIB8:

CDMA neighbor;

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MIB SIB1
SIB2
important

PRACH resource

PRACH
configuration

Different CP support
different cell
radius RF36.211

PRACH configure rules

PRACH resource decided by cell radius and bandwidth

HW support :

Preamble format: 0~3 (different CP, different cell

radius)

Random access procedure: contention

Subframe
number

Even

Even

Even

Any

Any

Any

Any

1, 6

Any

2 ,7

Any

3, 8

Any

1, 4, 7

10

Any

2, 5, 8

11

Any

3, 6, 9

12

Any

0, 2, 4, 6, 8

13

Any

1, 3, 5, 7, 9

14

Any

0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9

15

Even

Frame resource

PRACH period: 10ms, 5ms (different bandwidth with

different default value. 20M-5ms,10M-10ms)

System frame
number

subframe in every frame that can be PRACH will

automatically configured according cell bandwidth

access(handover), non-contention access

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PRACH random access

purpose

User access get a UE ID let ENB know this UE is available

UE uplink synchronization

procedure

eNodeB check preamble send by UE

According how to choose Preamble,devide into contention access, non-contention access
non-contention access, Preamble is distributed by net side, contention access,UE choose randomly
non-contention access, net will ensure there is no conflict during a time period. contention access,
conflict happened,ENB will decide

Scenario of random access

initial access.UE is not
synchronizate with ENB
handover
UE UL out-of-synchronization
UE DL out-of-synchronization

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UL synchronization random access finish

UL synchronization is data arrived time point is the same with eNodeB supposed to received time
point
With orthogonal subcarrier,if UE1 and UE2s data,ENB were not received at the same
time which it should be, interference will happened
UL time deviation ,transmit delay,UE between eNB with different distance
Which LTE have
eNodeB will check UE UL RS to get time info
ENB send TA(time alignment ) to UE through PDSCH
ENB and UE get one timer, update TA info. This will help to keep UL synchronization
when UE is connected. RTD: relative time difference

Cell Middle

Cell Edege

Time
Send time

Arrive
Time

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Arrive
Time

Page 29

category

LTE system architecture

EUTRAN and SAE basic architecture

EUTRAN basic protocol stack

LTE physical layer

OFDM introduction

LTE physical layer concept

LTE L2

LTE L2 introduction

DL/UL scheduling procedure

How to configure throughput

LTE L3 introduction

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Page 30

LTE L2
L3 & NAS
L2
L1

PDCP

User
Plane

Control
Plane

Header compression and decompression for user plane data.

Security functions:
ciphering and deciphering;
integrity protection and verification

RLC
Transfer of upper layer PDUs supporting AM, UM and TM
Error Correction through ARQ (CRC check provided by the
physical layer)
Concatenation of SDUs for the same radio bearer;
Duplicate Detection;
Segmentation;
SDU discard;;

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MAC
Mapping between logical channels and transport channels;
Multiplexing/demultiplexing of RLC PDUs belonging to one
or different radio bearers into/from transport blocks (TB)
delivered to/from the physical layer;
Priority handling between logical channels of one UE;
Priority handling between UEs;
Error correction through HARQ;
Padding;
Transport format selection

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Our most important

technique are
here:schedule,resourc
e
relocated,modulation
encoding.
Page 31

LTE scheduling procedure-MAC in L2

MACs important function: scheduling

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category

LTE system architecture

EUTRAN and SAE basic architecture

EUTRAN basic protocol stack

LTE physical layer

OFDM introduction

LTE physical layer concept

LTE L2

LTE L2 introduction

DL/UL scheduling procedure

How to configure throughput

LTE L3 introduction

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LTE L2

LTE scheduling
procedure

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LTE service

One service mapping to a radio bearer

Tracing S1 message we can get the
bearer information
Default bearer: Initial Context Setup
Request
Dedicated bearer E-RAB Setup
Request

Voice VOIP
GBR service
guaranteed bit
rate dedicated
bearer
IMS information
management
Non GBR,non guaranteed bit
rate service differ
PRI.normally normally used as
default bearer
Different QCI with different PRI,thus
RB resource will be according this
to relocated.of course QCI 7 and
QCI 8 with different service PRI

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Scheduling Algorithm
Functions of Scheduling Algorithms:

Ensure the coverage (access/call drop).

Satisfy QoS requirements by esuring fairness of the same services and differentiation of different services.
Maximize the system throughput by making full use of channel status information, that is, allocate appropriate timeand-frequency resources to users.

Algorithm

Max-C/I
Only the user with the best channel quality is scheduled by using this algorithm. Therefore it has ideal throughput but
cannot ensure fairness or satisfy QoS requirements.
Round Robin
This algorithm lays an emphasis on fairness and allocates the transmission chance to each user in turn.
PF/EPF
Proportional fair (PF) scheduling is a compromise between fairness and throughput.
Enhanced proportional fair (EPF) classifies services (not users) into GBR services and non-GBR services. One user
The scheduling
may have multiple services.
UE
UE historical
historical
scheduled
scheduled bit
bit rates
rates

The scheduling
opportunity has
a positive
correlation with
the CQI. A user
is scheduled
when the
channel quality
for the user is
the best.

UE
UE latest
latest channel
quality
quality CQI
UE
UE QOS
QOS info.:
info.: QOS
QOS
requirement
on
requirement
on
delay

packet
delay

packet
loss
loss
AMBR
AMBR

EPF
EPF algorithm
algorithm

UE
UE Capability
Capability

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opportunity has a
negative correlation
with the amount of
historical data. This
ensures that every UE
has an opportunity to
be scheduled.

Output
scheduling
Output
scheduling
result,
sending
result,
sending
scheduling
Grant
scheduling Grant to
to
UE
UE

Page 36

LTE L2

LTE scheduling
procedure

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LTE scheduling-DL scheduling

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LTE scheduling-DL
UE will get PUCCH resource to report CQI, through RRC reconfiguration
message(L3 message)
Measure DL RS to get CQI UE get measurement SINR mapping to CQI(channel
quality indicator)

If DL scheduling is undergoing,UE should also feed back demodulation

result(ACK/NACK)
ACK/NACK tell ENB , data transmit is correct or not, wether need retransmit
BLER=NACK/(ACK+NACK) BLER: block error rate

ACK/NACK also a reflect of UE demodulation capacity, help ENB to decide to

choose MCS(modulation and coding scheme )

ENB will decide MCS according CQI and ACK/NACK result

UE measurement report to ENB.
ENB will choose MCS according CQI,MCS and RB number decide throughput. MSC is the
efficiency of spectrum
ENB choose MCS to make IBLER<10%. I f current MCS lead to IBLER>10%, ENB will
lower MCS

According scheduling alrigony,ENB estimate UEs resource RB

ENB indicate UE through PDCCH allocated RB size and MCS
UE listen to PDCCH, if there is scheduling,UE will get the specify position to
demodulate PDSCH data.
PDCCH and PDSCH are send at the same time point, 14 symbols every 1ms
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LTE scheduling procedure-UL

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LTE scheduling-UL
ENB through measure UL RS,to get UEs UL channel quality
If UE is the first transmit data,need to send SR(scheduling request) at PUCCH
to tell END there is data to transmit
ENB will according SINR(CQI) and data demodulation result(ACK NACK) to
decode MCS

According SINR to choose MCS

If UE is transmitting data,ENB can define BLER =NAKC/(ACK+NACK according
ACK/NCAK,BLER also reflected UL demodulation capacity
According IBLER to adjust MCS to get a better BLER 10%

ENB estimate UEs resource according scheduling arithmetic

ENB send PDCCH indicate allocate resource size and position,MCS
UE listen to PDCCH, if there is scheduling,UE will send PUSCH data according
PDCCH
ENB demodulate PUSCH data that UE send, and tell UE demodulation
result.UE decide if it need retransmit. UL Demodulation result ACK/NACK will
be at PHICH

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category

LTE system architecture

EUTRAN and SAE basic architecture

EUTRAN basic protocol stack

LTE physical layer

OFDM introduction

LTE physical layer concept

LTE L2

LTE L2 introduction

DL/UL scheduling procedure

How to configure throughput

LTE L3 introduction

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LTE L2

LTE throughput

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LTE throughput
LTE throughput is basic on MCS(modulation and coding scheme ) ,that is transmitted data
throughput RF360.213
29 30 31 with different MCS resend
MCS Index

I TBS

91

92

93

94

2536

2536

2600

3368

3368

4136

N PRB

95

96

97

98

99

100

2600

2664

2664

2728

2728

2728

2792

3368

3496

3496

3496

3496

3624

3624

3624

4136

4136

4264

4264

4264

4392

4392

4392

4584

5352

5352

5352

5544

5544

5544

5736

5736

5736

5736

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

19

39232

39232

40576

40576

40576

40576

42368

42368

42368

43816

20

42368

42368

43816

43816

43816

45352

45352

45352

46888

46888

21

45352

46888

46888

46888

46888

48936

48936

48936

48936

51024

22

48936

48936

51024

51024

51024

51024

52752

52752

52752

55056

23

52752

52752

52752

55056

55056

55056

55056

57336

57336

57336

24

55056

57336

57336

57336

57336

59256

59256

59256

61664

61664

25

57336

59256

59256

59256

61664

61664

61664

61664

63776

63776

26

66592

68808

68808

68808

71112

71112

71112

73712

73712

75376

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Modulation Order

0
1
2

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

2
2
2

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
2
4
6

Page 44

TBS Index
0
1
2

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
reserved

LTE throughput
key point :cell bandwidth,MCS,MIMO(2T2R),UE capacity,HSS(home subscriber server )

1 cell bandwidth :how many RB can be used

2 MCS spectrum efficiency

RB

Cell
band-width

Sched
uling
times
Scheduling times is referred to
user number, the more the less.
And also referred to data, no
data, no schedule
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MCS

TBS size

UE capacity
and QOS

MIMO
mode

throughput Mbp
s
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Page 45

UE capacity and HSS

Different UE with different capacity,the most popular commercial UE is cat3,this limited TBS
DL

UE Category

Maximum number

Maximum

of DL-SCH

number of bits

transport block bits

of a DL-SCH

received within a

transport block

block transmitted

TTI

received within

within a TTI

UL
UE Category

Maximum number

Support for

of bits of an UL-

64QAM in UL

SCH transport

a TTI
Category 1

5160

No

51024

Category 2

25456

No

102048

75376

Category 3

51024

No

Category 4

150752

75376

Category 4

51024

No

Category 5

299552

149776

Category 5

75376

Yes

Category 1

10296

10296

Category 2

51024

Category 3

UU message we
can
get
UE
capacity

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UE capacity and HSS

In the protocol,NonGBR can not exceed AMBR(aggregate maximum bit rate )
If AMBR with a very small rate,peak throughput will be limited
or even worse AMBR=0,there will be no data transferred

S1message,
QOSand
AMBR info

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LTE DL peak throughput Cat4/5 UE

UE measure at peak position with UE measure SINR>30db,ENB get CQI=15

According CQI,ENB decide MCS,the most efficient one no retrans,MSC always keep the
same
Suppose there is enough data from SGW.ENB evaluate RB number need, all the cells
RB=100 20M is for this UE,from RFC 36.213 throughput speed=75376 bit;
With DL MIMO,2T2R,2 symbol at a time throughput speed=75376*1000*2=150M
But actually, can not reach this value. if we exclude SI at PDSCH,the best throughput
maybe 98%*150=147M
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LTE UL peak throughput Cat3 UE

ENB UE at peak position, with very good condition, ENB will choose MCS=24 UE Cat3 do
not support 64QAM(MCS=28)
UE send schedule request to ENB, ENB give UE all the cell RB=96 suppose PUCCH take
4RB 20M RFC36.213 speed=51024bit;
Theres no Menomonee symbol at once
throughput=51024*1000=51Mbps
Actual speed is lower that 51.random access PRACH will take pat of resource.
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LTE system architecture

EUTRAN and SAE basic architecture

EUTRAN basic protocol stack

LTE physical layer

OFDM introduction

LTE physical layer concept

LTE L2

LTE L2 introduction

DL/UL scheduling procedure

How to configure throughput

LTE L3 introduction

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LTE L3 introduce

X2 interface ENB-ENB

RRC interface UE-ENB also call Uu interface

Broadcast of System Information related to NAS and AS

Mobility functions including:

UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting for mobility;

UE cell selection and reselection and control of cell selection and

reselection;

Context transfer at handover.

Establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection

between the UE and E-UTRAN including:

Allocation of temporary identifiers between UE and E-UTRAN;

Configuration of signaling radio bearer(s) for RRC connection:

Security functions including key management;

Establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to

point Radio Bearers;

Intra LTE-Access-System Mobility Support for UE in

LTE_ACTIVE:
Context transfer from source eNB to target eNB;
Control of user plane tunnels between source eNB
and target eNB;
Handover cancellation.
Load Management
Inter-cell Interference Coordination
Uplink Interference Load Management;
General X2 management and error handling
functions:
Error indication.
Trace functions

S1 interface SAE-ENB

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S1 UE context management function:

Establishment/release SAE bearer context, security co
UE S1 signaling connection ID(s), etc.
SAE bearer management functions
GTP-U tunnels management function
S1 Signalling link management function
Intra-LTE handover
Inter-3GPP RAT handover
Paging function
Network sharing function
NAS node selection function
Security function

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Network Access Procedure for a Calling UE

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Network Access Procedure for a Called UE

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For the principle of communication, you can go for our

group.
http://3ms.huawei.com/hi/group/1004739

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Thank You
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