11.
2 KINGDOM
PROTISTA
OBJECTIVE
Describe the unique characteristics of
Protista
State the classification of Protista into:
(i) 2 major phyla of Algae;
- Chlorophyta (Chlamydomonas sp.)
- Phaeophyta (Fucus sp.)
(ii) 4 major phyla of Protozoa;
- Euglenophyta (Euglena sp.)
- Rhizopoda (Amoeba sp.)
- Ciliophora (Paramecium sp.)
- Apicomplexa (Plasmodium sp.)
What is the similarity and difference
between protists and other eukaryotes ?
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF
PROTISTA
All are eukaryotic cells/
eukaryotes
Diverse in cell organization
Most are unicellular
Colonial unicellular
Simple multicellular (simple
body without specialized tissue)
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF
PROTISTA
Various mode of nutrition
i) Photoautotrophs (e.g. algae)
ii) Heterotrophs
- ingestive e.g. protozoa
- absorptive e.g. fungus-like
protists
iii)Mixotrophs
- combine photosynthesis and
heterotrophic nutrition mode
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF
PROTISTA
Mostly are free living
Others as symbionts (interaction with
other organism,) : Mutualism (both species get benefit)
Commensalism (Protist get benefit,
the other one is unaffected)
Parasitism (Parasitic protist inhabit
in @ on host cell, gets benefit but
the host cell harmed)
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF
PROTISTA
Reproduction
Some reproduce asexually
Others reproduce sexually or
asexually
Paramecium
sp.
Euglena sp.
Chlamydomonas sp.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PROTISTA
Divided
into :
Algae
Protozoa
Chlorophyt
a
Phaeophyta
Euglenoph
yta
Rhizopoda
Ciliophora
Apicomple
xa
ALGAE
Two major phyla:
CHLOROPHYTA
(Green algae)
PHAEOPHYTA
(Brown algae)
E.g. Chlamydomonas
sp.
E.g. Fucus sp.
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC OF
ALGAE
*Plant like protist
Diverse in cell organization
Unicellular (e.g
Chlamydomonas sp.)
Simple multicellular (e.g. Fucus
sp.)
Have cell wall
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC OF
ALGAE
Autotroph
Have photosynthetic
pigments
Show alternation of
generation
In one life cycle, alternates
between (gametophyte)
haploid generation and
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC OF
ALGAE
May reproduce sexually or asexually
Chlamydomonas
Reproduction in Fucus
sp.
ALGAE : PHYLUM
CHLOROPHYTA
Green algae, eg :
Chlamydomonas sp.
ALGAE : PHYLUM
PHAEOPHYTA
Brown algae, eg : Fucus sp.
PHYLUM :
CHLOROPHYTA
Green algae
Dominant
photosynthetic
pigments:
chlorophyll a and
chlorophyll b
Store food : Starch
in plastid
Cell organization :
Unicellular
eukaryotes
PHYLUM : PHAEOPHYTA
Brown algae
Dominant
photosynthetic
pigments :
Fucoxanthin
Store food :
Laminarin and
mannitol
Cell organization :
Multicellular
eukaryotes
PHYLUM :
CHLOROPHYTA
Red stigma @eye
spot : detect
change in light
intensity, help
direct its motility
Cup shape
chloroplast contain
pyrenoid : starch
synthesized
PHYLUM :
PHAEOPHYTA
Root like : holdfast,
anchor algae
Stem like : stipe
support blade
&can withstand
wave
Leaf like : blade
(contain air
bladder cause
blade to float)
provide surface
PROTOZOA
Four major phyla
Euglenophyta Rhizopoda
Ciliophora
Apicomplexa
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC OF
PROTOZOA
Mostly motile
Unicellular eukaryotes
Has no true tissue
Mostly Heterotroph
Has no cell wall, some has
pellicle to give shape to the
protozoa
PROTOZOA: PHYLUM
EUGLENOPHYTA
Eg : Euglena sp.
PROTOZOA: PHYLUM
CILIOPHORA
Eg : Paramecium sp.
PROTOZOA: PHYLUM
RHIZOPODA
Eg : Amoeba sp.
PROTOZOA: PHYLUM
APICOMPLEXA
Eg : Plasmodium sp.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHYLA IN PROTOZOA
Euglenophyta
Rhizopoda
Ciliophora
Apicomplexa
e.g. Euglena
sp.
e.g. Ameoba
sp.
e.g. Paramecium
sp.
e.g. Plasmodium
sp.
Slipper shape
Slipper shape
Pseudopodium
for locomotion
and feeding
Cilia for
locomotion and
feeding
No external
structure for
locomotion
One nucleus
One nucleus
2 nuclei :
macronucleus and
micronucleus
One nucleus
One
contractile
vacuole
One contractile
vacuole
Two contractile
vacuoles
No contractile
vacuole
Spindle shape Irregular shape
Flagellum for
locomotion
IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTA
1. Roles in biosphere (CO2 fixation)
Phytoplankton (Algae)
Contain photosynthetic
pigments
primary producer in aquatic
ecosystem
can fix CO2 for photosynthesis
providing food and oxygen
IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTA
2. Human food source ( Chlorella sp. &
Spirullina sp.)
Chlorella sp.(green algae)
high protein, positive effect on
reduction of dioxin in breast milk
IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTA
2. Human food source ( Chlorella sp. &
Spirullina sp.)
Spirullina sp. (blue green algae)
dietary supplement
IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTA
3. Eutrophication (algal
bloom)
Process water
bodies, eg lake
receive excessive
nutrients
(phosphate and
nitrogen) that
stimulates
excessive growth
IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTA
3. Eutrophication (algal bloom)
Source of excessive nutrient :
Soil erosion containing
nutrient
Seawage treatment plant
discharge
Fertilizer from algicultural
field that enters water
bodies
IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTA
3. Eutrophication (algal bloom)
Effect of algal bloom :
Reduce dissolve oxygen
which leads to death of
aquatic organism
IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTA
4. Red tide (marine algal bloom)
IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTA
4. Red tide (marine algal bloom)
Caused by dinoflagellate
Explosion/bloom of
dinoflagellate change coastal
water color red/brown/ orange
IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTA
Dinoflagellate:
important producer
(phytoplankton)
Release toxin if consume by
fish can paralyse nervous
system of infected fish.
Cause death to organism who
feed on the infected fish
IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTA
5.
Effect human health (Plasmodium sp.
malaria)
IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTA
5. Human health
Plasmodium sp. a protozoa from
Phylum Apicomplexa that can
cause malaria in human
The parasitic protozoa can be
transmitted to human by the
Anopheles mosquito
Plasmodium sp. live in the blood
stream of human
