The
Components of
the System
Unit
Chapter 4 Objectives
Differentiate
Differentiateamong
amongvarious
variousstyles
styles
of
ofsystem
systemunits
units
Identify
Identifychips,
chips,adapter
adaptercards,
cards,and
andother
other
components
componentsof
ofaamotherboard
motherboard
Describe
Describethe
thecomponents
componentsof
ofaaprocessor
processorand
andhow
how
they
theycomplete
completeaamachine
machinecycle
cycle
Identify
Identifycharacteristics
characteristicsof
ofvarious
variouspersonal
personal
computer
computerprocessors
processorson
onthe
themarket
markettoday
today
Define
Defineaabit
bitand
anddescribe
describehow
howaaseries
seriesof
ofbits
bits
represents
data
represents data
Explain
Explainhow
howprograms
programstransfer
transferinin
and
andout
outof
ofmemory
memory
Differentiate
Differentiateamong
amongthe
thevarious
various
types
typesof
ofmemory
memory
Describe
Describethe
thetypes
typesof
ofexpansion
expansionslots
slotsand
and
adapter
adaptercards
cards
Explain
Explainthe
thedifference
differenceamong
amongaaserial
serialport,
port,aa
parallel
parallelport,
port,aaUSB
USBport,
port,and
andother
otherports
ports
Describe
Describehow
howbuses
busescontribute
contributeto
toaa
computers
computersprocessing
processingspeed
speed
Identify
Identifycomponents
componentsininmobile
mobilecomputers
computers
and
andmobile
mobiledevices
devices
Next
The System Unit
What is the system unit?
Case that contains electronic
components of the computer used
to process data
p. 180 Fig. 4-1
Sometimes called
the chassis
Next
The System Unit
What are common components inside the system unit?
Processor
Memory
Adapter cards
Sound card
Modem card
Video card
Network card
power supply
drive bays
processor
memory
ports
sound card
Ports
Drive bays
Power supply
network card
p. 181 Fig. 4-2
modem card
video card
Next
The System Unit
What is the motherboard?
adapter cards
processor chip
Main circuit
board in system
unit
Contains adapter
cards, processor
chips, and
memory chips
Also called
system board
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web Link
from left navigation, then click
Clock Motherboards
below Chapter 4
p. 182 Fig. 4-3
memory chips
memory slots
Expansion
slots for
adapter cards
motherboard
Next
The System Unit
What is a chip?
Small piece of semi-conducting
material on which integrated
circuits are fixed
Integrated circuits contain
many microscopic pathways
capable of carrying electrical
current
Chips are packaged so they can
be attached to a circuit board
dual inline
packages (DIP)
holds memory
chips
pin grid
array (PGA)
package
holds processor
chips
Click to view animation
p. 182 Fig. 4-4
Next
Processor
What is the central processing unit (CPU)?
Interprets
and carries
out basic instructions
that operate a computer
Control unit directs and
coordinates operations in
computer
Arithmetic logic unit
Input
(ALU) performs
Devices
arithmetic, comparison,
and logical operations
Also
called the processor
Processor
Control
Control
Unit
Unit
Arithmetic
Arithmetic
Logic
Logic Unit
Unit (ALU)
(ALU)
Instructions
Data
Informatio
n
Data
Memory
Information
Output
Devices
Instructions
Data
Informatio
n
Storage
Devices
p. 183 Fig. 4-5
Next
Processor
What is a machine cycle?
Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle
Step 1. Fetch
Obtain program instruction
or data item from memory
Memory
Step 2.
Decode
Step 4. Store
Translate
instruction into
commands
Write result to memory
Processor
ALU
Step 3. Execute
Control Unit
Carry out command
p. 184 Fig. 4-6
Next
Processor
What is pipelining?
CPU begins fetching second instruction before
completing machine cycle for first instruction
Results in faster processing
p. 185 Fig. 4-7
Next
Processor
What is a register?
Temporary high-speed storage area that holds
data and instructions
Stores location
from where instruction
was fetched
Stores
instruction while it is
being decoded
Stores data
while ALU
computes it
Stores results
of calculation
p. 185
Next
Processor
What is the system clock?
Controls timing of all computer operations
Generates regular electronic pulses (or tick), that set
operating pace of components of system unit
Each tick
is a
clock cycle
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 4, Click Web Link
from left navigation, then click
Clock Speed
below Chapter 4
p. 185
Pace of system
clock is clock speed
Most clock speeds are
in the gigahertz (GHz)
range (1 GHz = one
billion ticks of system
clock per second)
Processor speed can
also be measured in
millions of instructions
per second (MIPS)
Next
Processor
How do personal computer processors compare?
ComparisonofWidelyUsed
PersonalComputerProcessors
Click to view video
p. 186 Fig. 4-8
Name
Introduced
Itanium2
Xeon
Itanium
Pentium4
PentiumIIIXeon
PentiumIII
Celeron
Operon
AthlonMP
AthlonXP
Athlon
Date
Speed
2002
2001
2001
2000
1999
1999
1998
2003
2002
2001
1999
Clock
1.31.5GHZ
1.43.06GHZ
733800MHZ
1.43.2GHZ
500900MHZ
400MHZ1.4GHZ
266MHZ2.6GHZ
22.4GHZ
1.532.25GHZ
1.332.26GHZ
500MHZ1.4GHZ
Next
Processor
Which processor should you select?
The faster the processor, the more expensive the computer
IntelProcessor
DesiredClockSpeed
ItaniumorXeon
1.3GHzandup
Pentiumfamily
3.0GHzandup
2.4GHzto3.0GHz
Upto2.4GHz
Celeron
2.2GHzandup
Click to view video
p. 188 Fig. 4-9
Next
Processor
What are the types of processor upgrades?
Chip-for chip upgrade
replace the chip
Piggyback upgrade
stack new chip on top of old one
Daughterboard upgrade
chip is on adapter card that plugs into motherboard
p. 188
Next
Processor
What is a zero-insertion force (ZIF) socket?
Allows you to install and remove chips with no force
lever
lever
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
Lift the lever on the socket.
Insert the chip.
Push the lever down.
p. 189 Fig. 4-10
Next
Processor
What are heat sink and heat pipe?
Heat sinkcomponent
with fan that cools
processor
Heat pipe smaller
device for notebook
computers
heat sink fan
heat sink
p. 190 Fig. 4-11
Next
Processor
What is a coprocessor?
Chip
Chip that
that assists
assists processor
processorin
in
performing
performing specific
specific tasks
tasks
One
coprocessor
One type
type isis aa floating-point
floating-point coprocessor,
coprocessor,
also
coprocessor also
known
known as
as aa math
math or
ornumeric
numeric coprocessor
coprocessor
p. 190
Next
Processor
What is parallel processing?
Using multiple
processors
simultaneously to
execute a
program faster
Requires special
software to divide
problem and
bring results
together
p. 190 Fig. 4-12
Control Processor
Processor 1
Processor 2
Processor 3
Processor 4
Memory
Memory
Memory
Memory
Results combined
Next
What is access time?
Amount of time it takes processor
to read data from memory
Measured in nanoseconds (ns),
one billionth of a second
It takes 1/10 of a second to blink
your eye; a computer can perform
up to 10 million operations in same amount of
time
Term
Millisecond
Microsecond
Nanosecond
Picosecond
p. 200 Figs. 4-25-4-26
Speed
Onethousandthofasecond
Onemillionthofasecond
Onebillionthofasecond
Onetrillionthofasecond
Next
