INTRODUCTION &
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS
MOTION
Todays Objectives:R206
Students will be able to:
1. Find the kinematic
quantities (position,
displacement, velocity,
and acceleration) of a
particle traveling along a
straight path.
Internal
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
In-Class Activities:
Check Homework
Reading Quiz
Applications
Relations between s(t),
v(t), and a(t) for general
rectilinear motion
Relations between s(t),
v(t), and a(t)
when
acceleration is
constant
Concept Quiz
Group Problem Solving
Attention Quiz
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
READING QUIZ
1. In dynamics, a particle is assumed to have _________.
A) both translation and rotational motions
B) only a mass
C) a mass but the size and shape cannot be neglected
D) no mass or size or shape, it is just a point
2. The average speed is defined as __________.
A) r/ t B) s/ t
C) sT/ t
Internal
D) None of the above.
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
APPLICATIONS
The motion of large
objects, such as rockets,
airplanes, or cars, can
often be analyzed as if they
were particles.
Why?
If we measure the altitude
of this rocket as a
function of time, how can
we determine its velocity
and acceleration?
Internal
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
APPLICATIONS
(continued)
A sports car travels along a straight road.
Can we treat the car as a particle?
If the car accelerates at a constant rate, how can
we determine its position and velocity at some
instant?
Internal
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
An Overview of Mechanics
Mechanics: The study of how bodies
react to forces acting on them.
Statics: The study of
bodies in equilibrium.
Internal
Dynamics:
1. Kinematics concerned
with the geometric aspects of
motion
2. Kinetics concerned with
the forces causing the motion
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINIOUS MOTION
(Section 12.2)
A particle travels along a straight-line
path defined by the coordinate axis s.
The position of the particle at any
instant, relative to the origin, O, is
defined by the position vector r, or
the scalar s. Scalar s can be positive
or negative. Typical units for r and s
are meters (m) or feet (ft).
The displacement of the particle is
defined as its change in position.
Vector form: r = r - r
Scalar form: s = s - s
The total distance traveled by the particle, sT, is a positive
scalar that represents the total length of the path over
which the particle travels.
Internal
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
VELOCITY
Velocity is a measure of the rate of change in the position of a
particle. It is a vector quantity (it has both magnitude and
direction). The magnitude of the velocity is called speed, with
units of m/s or ft/s.
The average velocity of a particle during
a time interval t is
vavg = r / t
The instantaneous velocity is the time-derivative
of position.
v = dr / dt
Speed is the magnitude of velocity:
v = ds / dt
Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by
elapsed time: (vsp)avg = sT / t
Internal
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
ACCELERATION
Acceleration is the rate of change in the velocity of a particle.
It is a vector quantity. Typical units are m/s2.
The instantaneous acceleration is the
time derivative of velocity.
Vector form: a = dv / dt
Scalar form: a = dv / dt = d2s / dt2
Acceleration can be positive (speed
increasing) or negative (speed
decreasing).
As the text indicates, the derivative equations for velocity
and acceleration can be manipulated to get
a ds = v dv
Internal
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
SUMMARY OF KINEMATIC RELATIONS:
RECTILINEAR MOTION
Differentiate position to get velocity and acceleration.
v = ds/dt ;
a = dv/dt
or
a = v dv/ds
Integrate acceleration for velocity and position.
Position:
Velocity:
v
vo
vo
so
dv a dt or v dv a ds
so
ds v dt
Note that so and vo represent the initial position and
velocity of the particle at t = 0.
Internal
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
CONSTANT ACCELERATION
The three kinematic equations can be integrated for the
special case when acceleration is constant (a = ac) to obtain
very useful equations. A common example of constant
acceleration is gravity; i.e., a body freely falling toward earth.
In this case, ac = g = 9.81 m/s2 downward. These equations
are:
v
dv a
dt
yields
vv at
ds v dt
yields
s s v t (1/2) a t 2
yields
v 2 (vo )2 2a (s - s )
vo
so
v
Internal
v dv a ds
vo
so
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
EXAMPLE
Given: A particle travels along a straight line to the right
with a velocity of v = ( 4 t 3 t2 ) m/s where t
is
in seconds. Also, s = 0 when t = 0.
Find: The position and acceleration of the particle
when t = 4 s.
Plan:
Establish the positive coordinate, s, in the
direction
the particle is traveling. Since the
velocity is given as a function of time, take a
derivative of it to calculate the acceleration.
Conversely, integrate
the velocity function to
calculate the position.
Internal
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
Solution:
EXAMPLE
(continued)
1) Take a derivative of the velocity to determine the
acceleration.
a = dv / dt = d(4 t 3 t2) / dt = 4 6 t
a = 20 m/s2 (or in the direction) when t = 4 s
2) Calculate the distance traveled in 4s by integrating the
velocity using so = 0:
v = ds / dt ds = v dt
s so = 2 t 2 t3
Internal
s 0 = 2(4)2 (4)3
so
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
ds (4 t 3 t2) dt
o
s = 32 m ( or )
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
CONCEPT QUIZ
3 m/s
5 m/s
t=2s
t=7s
1. A particle moves along a horizontal path with its velocity
varying with time as shown. The average acceleration of
the particle is _________.
A) 0.4 m/s2
B) 0.4 m/s2
C) 1.6 m/s2 D) 1.6 m/s2
2. A particle has an initial velocity of 30 m/s to the left. If it
then passes through the same location 5 seconds later with
a velocity of 30 m/s to the right, the average speed
(velocity) of the particle during the 5 s time interval is
_______.
A) 10 m/sB) 40 m/s
C) 15Mechanics
m/sD)
0 m/s
for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
Internal
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
Given: A particle is moving along a straight line such that
its velocity is defined as v = (-4s2) m/s, where s
is
in meters.
Find: The velocity and acceleration as functions of time if
s = 2 m when t = 0.
Plan: Since the velocity is given as a function of distance,
use the equation v=ds/dt.
1) Express the distance in terms of time.
2) Take a derivative of it to calculate the velocity
and
acceleration.
Internal
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
Solution:
Internal
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
(continued)
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
(continued)
Internal
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
ATTENTION QUIZ
1. A particle has an initial velocity of 3 m/s to the left at
s0 = 0 ft. Determine its position when t = 3 s if the
acceleration is 2 m/s2 to the right.
A) 0.0 m B) 6.0 m
C) 18.0 m
D) 9.0 m
2. A particle is moving with an initial velocity of v = 12 m/s
and constant acceleration of 3.78 m/s2 in the same
direction as the velocity. Determine the distance the
particle has traveled when the velocity reaches 30 m/s.
A) 50 m B) 100 m
C) 150 m D) 200 m
Internal
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
End of the Lecture
Let Learning Continue
Internal
Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 13th SI Edition
R. C. Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
2013. All rights reserved.
