Beef Improvement Federation Bovine
Respiratory Disease Guidelines Update
Alison Van Eenennaam, Ph.D.
Cooperative Extension Specialist
Animal Biotechnology and Genomics
Department of Animal Science
University of California, Davis
[email protected]Twitter: @biobeef
US Bovine Respiratory Disease
Coordinated Agricultural Project
http://www.brdcomplex.org
The Integrated Program for Reducing Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC) in Beef and Dairy Cattle
Coordinated Agricultural Project is supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no.
2011-68004-30367 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
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Bovine Respiratory Disease Consortium
Phenotypes
Van Eenennaam et al. 2014. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2: 105-139
Targeting BRD would be a
valuable objective
The presence of genetic variation in resistance to disease,
coupled with the increased consumer pressure against the
use of drugs, is making genetic solutions to animal health
problems increasingly attractive.
Even if the markers predict only 20% of the genetic
variation for this trait, this is likely to be valuable
information given the significant economic costs associated
with BRD. This would provide a selection criterion where
now we have none.
Newman, S. and Ponzoni, R.W. 1994.
Experience with economic weights.
Proc. 5th World Congress on Genetics
Applied to Livestock Production.
18:217-223.
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Some industries have
successfully targeted selection
for disease
In dairy cattle, selection programs have been developed to
take advantage of genetic variability in mastitis resistance,
despite the fact that the heritability of clinical mastitis is
low and mastitis resistance has an adverse correlation with
production traits
Chicken breeders have long used breeding to improve
resistance to avian lymphoid leucosis complex and Mareks
disease
A large major effect locus for swine porcine reproductive
and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has been identified
Stear, M. J., S. C. Bishop, B. A. Mallard,
and H. Raadsma. 2001. The sustainability,
feasibility and desirability of breeding
livestock for disease resistance. Res Vet
Sci 71: 1-7
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Genomic selection for producer-recorded
health event data in US dairy cattle
Computer records for disease conditions used to
develop genomic selection approaches for
common health events:
cystic ovaries (CYST),
displaced abomasum (DSAB),
ketosis (KETO),
lameness (LAME),
mastitis (MAST),
metritis (METR)
retained placenta (RETP).
134,226 total first-parity records ,174,069 total
records from parities 2 through 5 for 100,635
cows
Parker Gaddis KL, et al. 2014.
Genomic selection for producerrecorded health event data in US
dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2014
May;97(5):3190-9.
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Increase in reliability from genomic
information ~ 0.12
Parker Gaddis KL, et al. 2014.
Genomic selection for producerrecorded health event data in US
dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2014
May;97(5):3190-9.
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The importance of recording health
traits
To be successful, there needs to be a balance between the
effort required to collect these health data and subsequent
benefits. Electronic systems that make such data capture easy
and automated are likely key to the long-term success. The
authors concluded that The development of genomic selection
methodologies, with accompanying substantial gains in
reliability for low-heritability traits, may dramatically improve
the feasibility of genetic improvement of dairy cow health.
Parker Gaddis KL, et al. 2014.
Genomic selection for producerrecorded health event data in US dairy
cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2014
May;97(5):3190-9.
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Need for careful
case definition
For studies of infectious diseases field data sets are often
required because challenge experiments of a sufficient
scale will not be possible.
However, such field data is very noisy
diagnosis of infection or disease may be imprecise; it can be
difficult to determine when infection of an individual occurred
it is often unclear whether or not apparently healthy individuals
have been exposed to the infection
These factors add environmental noise to the
epidemiological data (i.e. decrease the heritability).
Bishop, S. C., and J. A. Woolliams. 2010.
On the genetic interpretation of disease
data. Plos One 5: e8940.
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Accurate diagnosis (i.e.
case definition) of BRD is
critical for success of
studies
Depression
Appetite
Respiratory rate
Temperature
elevation
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Accurate diagnosis (i.e. case
definition) of BRD is critical for
success of studies
Traditional methods for detecting morbid cattle include visual
appraisal once or twice daily.
Animals displaying nose or eye discharge, depression, lethargy,
emaciated body condition, labored breathing or a combination
of these, should be further examined
Symptomatic animals with a rectal temperature 103F are
usually considered morbid and given treatment.
Confounding factors include the diligence and astuteness of
those checking the animals, the variability and severity of the
symptoms the animals experience with chronic and acute BRD,
and the disposition of the animals
All of these diagnostic systems are subjective in nature.
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http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/fapmtools/8cal
f/calf_health_scoring_chart.pdf
http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/fapmtools/8calf/calf_health_scoring_chart.pdf
Incorporating of BRD
into genetic evaluations
Approach will likely depend upon the genetic
architecture of trait
If there are large effect causative (functional) mutations
then their effect should persist across breeds
Otherwise will need to develop prediction equations for all
breed and develop ongoing phenotyping program
Need to develop a standardized set of practical guidelines
for BRD scoring that could be used in industry herds with
the data to be used for genetic evaluation phenotyping
effort cannot be greater than subsequent benefit
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Need guidelines to
standardize collection of
BRD phenotypes
Enable
production of EPD
Add accuracy to selection
Allow
validation of newly developed
genomic panels
Currently this is problematicwho has data
for testing?
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Number of
BRD phenotype
presents challenges
different ways to record BRD
Binary treated or not
Based on DART (pen rider skill level)
Based on an objective scoring system (e.g. McGuirk)
A combination of symptoms
More sophisticated measurements such as the Whisper
stethoscope system
There needs to be a balance between the effort
required to collect these health data and
subsequent benefits.
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BRD Guidelines
Committee
Dr. Dee Griffin, University of Nebraska
Larry Kuehn, USDA MARC
Dr. Jim Lowe, University of Illinois
Holly Neibergs, Washington State University
Chris Seabury, TAMU
Alison Van Eenennaam, UC Davis
R. Mark Enns, Colorado State University
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What are feedlots
recording now?
Drs.
Lowe and Griffin
Two
widely-used feedlot software programs
Animal Health International
Micro Technologies (Micro Beef Technologies)
Production Animal
Consultation provided
summaries of reporting rates
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Lot
info
Data reporting rates
for 2 feedlot
recording systems
In date (100%)
Out date (100% if closed)
Sex (100%)
Owner (74%)
Buyer (41%)
Origin (71%)
Starting average weight (100%)
Ending average weight (100% if closed)
Starting head (100%)
Ending head (100% if closed)
Risk (1%)
Breed (0%)
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Treatment information
and recording rates
Date
(100%)
Weight (99%)
Temperature (74%)
Severity score (41%)
Products applied (100%)
Cost of products applied (69%)
Pen rider (6%)
Doctor (4%)
Diagnosis (100% - doesn't mean it isn't unknown or
other occasionally)
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Phenotypic data
The
data is being recorded at the feedlot
level
How
can we use/leverage this for genetic
improvement?
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Guidelines
Recommendations
for performance
recording
Recommendations
for use of data in genetic
evaluation
First
attempt at BIF Guidelines for a
disease trait
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Guidelines for
BRD recording
Suggesting a tiered approach to recording
Different levels of data comfort
Enables flexibility in use of data for genetic
evaluation
Will enable more detailed genomic research should DNA samples be available
Envision use of both phenotypic and genomic
data in the genetic evaluation
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Tier 1
Animal
ID (need IDs of all animals in lot)
Lot information: In and out dates, sex,
owner/origin, breed
Treatment information (tied to animal)
Date pulled, temperature (if available, 74% recording rate), diagnosis
Animal info: date died/railed
Used to create a binary observation
Treated yes/no
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Tier 2: Detailed
classifications
Presumed BRD (pBRD):
Increased respiratory rate and/or effort, depression, lack of gut fill (reduced
feed intake)
Active BRD (aBRD):
pBRD plus temperature over 104active inflammatory response
Chronic BRD (cBRD):
pBRD plus temperature below 104lack of active inflammatory response
Confirmed BRD (oBRD):
aBRD or cBRD pluse evidence of lung pathology consistent with pneumonia
Thoracic ultrasound
>1 score on Whisper automated auscultation system
Not levels of severity, but levels of specificitymay be a different trait
analysis
Other contemporary group information
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Contemporary
group dilemma
Pen will likely be important environmental
factor
Most likely vectors for shedding and transmission will be pen mates
Historically, add pen to contemporary group definition
Birth weight CG + weaning CG + arrival date + origin + pen
Concern: overspecifying/subdivising CG so
that little variability exists.
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Contemporary group
approaches
Fit pen(lot) as separate main effect outside of
contemporary group structure
Fit pen(lot) as a random rather than fixed
effect
Pen effects will be regressed relative to the information content
Epidemiology is not completely understood
This approach would allow correlations to be fit based on pen proximity (if
that data were available)
Larry Kuehn
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Summary
There
is opportunity for genetic improvement in susceptibility
to bovine respiratory disease.
Considerable
data is currently being recorded in the feedlot
none is going back to inform genetic improvement
Guidelines
committee will submit final recommendations to
the board for approval
Goal:
An phenotype that enables the development of an EPD
for selection of animals with reduced susceptibility to BRD
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http://BRDComplex.org
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Questions?
The Integrated Program for Reducing Bovine
Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC) in Beef
and Dairy Cattle Coordinated Agricultural
Project is supported by Agriculture and Food
Research Initiative Competitive Grant no.
2011-68004-30367 from the USDA National
Institute of Food and Agriculture.
*Cough
*
Bovine Respiratory Disease Consortium
