Bluetooth:A New Radio Interface Providing Ubiquitous Connectivity
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Sunil PillaiBluetooth:A New Radio Interface Providing Ubiquitous Connectivity
Uploaded by
Sunil PillaiBLUETOOTHTM:A new radio
interface providing ubiquitous
connectivity
Jaap C.Haartsen
Ericssion Radio System B.V.
2000 IEEE
Introduction
A new universal radio interface that
enable electronic devices to connect
and communicate via short-range radio
connections
Operates in the unlicensed 2.45GHz
frequency band and makes use of
frequency hopping
Introduction
Low-power,small-sized and low-cost
radios that can be embedded in a wide
range of future products
The interface supports:
Synchronous services—voice
Asynchronous services—file transfer
History
At the beginning of 1998, a group of
five companies—Ericsson, Nokia, IBM,
Toshiba, and Intel—founded a Special
Interest Group
At the end of 1999, the group was
extended with Microsoft, Motorola,
Lucent, and 3COM to further develop
General Purposes
Bridging standards: a universal
access mechanism
Functional integration: a functional
integration is obtained by connecting
several devices wirelessly
Universal interface: provide a
universal interface and overcome
incompatible connectors and protocols
The BluetoothTM air interface
Peer connectivity
Unlicensed spectrum
FSK transceivers
Dynamic slot structure
Packet transmission
Peer Connectivity
BluetoothTM is based on peer
connectivity: any device must be able to
connect to any other device
Cellular phone and wireless LANs
system is based on an infrastructure of
interconnected stationary base stations
Unlicensed spectrum
The ISM band ranging from 2400 MHz
to 2483.5 MHz
A major issue for BluetoothTM is
interference immunity
Optimal interference immunity against
jammers is obtained by frequency
hopping
Unlicensed spectrum (cont.)
BluetoothTM is based on FH-CDMA using
79 carriers 1MHz spaces
The nominal hopping rate is 1600
hops/s
Each BluetoothTM unit has its own
pseudo-random hopping sequence
Hop selection mechanism
PSK transceivers
The air interface uses a Gaussian-
shaped (BT=0.5) FSK modulation with a
symbol rate of 1 Ms/s
Gives a –20dB spectral bandwidth of
1 MHz
FSK radios are simple, cheap, and
robust
Dynamic slot structrue
The BluetoothTM air interface is based on
time slots
A time slot lasts 625 us
In a point-to-point connection, one unit
always starts to transmit in the even-
numbered slots where the other unit
transmit in the odd-numbered slots
Dynamic slot structrue (cont.)
A circuit-switched connection is created
by a SCO(Synchronous Connection-
Oriented) link
All slot not in use for SCO links can be
used for packet-switched traffic through
a ACL(Asynchronous Connection-Less)
link
Dynamic slot allocation
Packet transmission
The information stream is fragmented
into packets
Only one packet can be sent in each
slot
All packets have the same format:
access code, packet header, user
payload
Packet format
Packet transmission (cont.)
Access code : the identity of the master
Packet header :
3-bit slave address
2-bit ARQ control information
4-bit packet type code
8-bit header-error-check(HEC) code
The BluetoothTM connectivity
Pico- and scatternets
Connection establishment
Synchronization
Security
Pico- and scatternets
Two or more BluetoothTM units sharing
the same FH channel form a piconet
A cluster of co-located, independent
piconet is called a scatternet
The number of units active in a piconet
is limited to 8
Pico- and scatternets (cont.)
The master-slave concept has been
introduced
One unit in the piconet is assigned to
be the master
The remaining units participating on the
channel are slaves
Pico- and scatternets (cont.)
The master-slave are only roles which
exist during the presence of the piconet
Using the 3-bit slave address in the
header, the master can direct packets
to the proper recipients
Connection establishment
The pager :the unit who wants to make
the connection
The recipient :the unit in standby that
must be susceptible to the pager
The burden of solving the time-
frequency uncertainty has been placed
at the pager
Standby state
A unit in standby resides in a low-power
state
Sleeps most of the time
Wakes up at the fixed intervals to scan
a single hop carrier for a short period of
time
Page message
Consists of a single 68-bit code
A shortened version of the 72-bit access
code used in front of the packet
The code is derived from the identity of
the recipient
Paging
To page a unit, its identity must be
known
If a pager has no identity or wants to
discover which units are in range, it can
issue an inquiry message
The inquiry procedure works similar as
the page procedure
Synchronization
In the BluetoothTM system, each unit
has a free-running native clock
An accuracy of 20ppm when the unit is
active and 250ppm when the unit is in a
low-power mode
Synchronization (cont.)
A BluetoothTM unit have a list of unit
addressed with corresponding native
clocks
The slave add an offset to their native
clock in order to be hop synchronized to
the master
Synchronization
Security
Apply a conventional challenge-
response scheme
To prevent eavesdropping, payload
information is encrypted
Keys of 128 bits are pair-wise
generated during an initialization phase
Conclusion
BluetoothTM is a young technology
The applications seem to be unlimited
and new scenarios are discussed every
day
Higher data rates are envisioned which
will boost the current data rate by a
factor 10 to 20
