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What Makes Up Matter?: Its Definition, Components, and The Origin of The Atomic Theory

Matter is composed of atoms, which contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms were originally theorized by Democritus and models have evolved from the plum pudding model to the current quantum mechanical model. The basic building blocks of matter are leptons and quarks, which interact through force carrier particles like photons, gluons, W and Z bosons, and the hypothesized graviton.

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Koyomi Araragi
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82 views19 pages

What Makes Up Matter?: Its Definition, Components, and The Origin of The Atomic Theory

Matter is composed of atoms, which contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms were originally theorized by Democritus and models have evolved from the plum pudding model to the current quantum mechanical model. The basic building blocks of matter are leptons and quarks, which interact through force carrier particles like photons, gluons, W and Z bosons, and the hypothesized graviton.

Uploaded by

Koyomi Araragi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What makes up

matter?
Its definition, components, and the origin of
the atomic theory
What are atoms?
Atoms are the basic units of
matter and the defining
structure of elements.
Atoms are made up of three
particles: protons, neutrons
and electrons.
The components of an
atom
Protons are positively charged particles found
within atomic nuclei. They were discovered by
Ernest Rutherford in experiments conducted
between 1911 and 1919.
Electrons have a negative charge and are
electrically attracted to the positively charged
protons. Electrons surround the atomic
nucleus in pathways called orbitals.The inner
orbitals surrounding the atom are spherical
but the outer orbitals are much more
complicated
The components of an
atom
Neutrons are uncharged particles found within
atomic nuclei. A neutron's mass is slightly larger
than that of a proton. Like protons, neutrons are
also made of quarks one "up" quark and two
"down" quarks. Neutrons were discovered by
James Chadwick in 1932.
Timeline of the origin of the
atomic theory

Rutherfo
rd
Atomos (Democritus)
Democritus thought that all matter
was composed of invisible particles
(with the help of Leucippus). Demo-
Critus called these particles atomos.
"Atomos" is an irreducible particle
in a specified system. He also thought
that they were indestructible, solid, and
homogenous.
Plum Pudding Model
(Dalton)
J.J.Thomson purposed the first atomic model in
1904 with the discovery of electrons. These
positively charged particles which were later
termed protons, are distributed equally in the
atom and the negatively charged particles
(electrons) are embedded in these particles just
like in a plum-pudding. Hence Thomson's
atomic
model is also known as"plum-pudding
model".
Nuclear Theory
(Rutherford)
Ernest Rutherfords model described the atom
as a tiny, dense, positively charged core called
a nucleus, in which nearly all the mass is
concentrated, around which
the light, negative constituents,
called electrons, circulate at
some distance, much like
planets revolving around the Sun.
Bohr Model (Bohr)
In 1913 Bohr proposed his
quantized shell model of the
atom to explain how electrons
can have stable orbits around the
nucleus. To remedy the stability
problem, Bohr modified the
Rutherford model by requiring
that the electrons move in orbits
of fixed size and energy. The
energy of an electron depends on
the size of the orbit and is lower
for smaller orbits.
Quantum Mechanical Model
(Modern)
The quantum mechanical model is
based onquantum theory, which
says
matter also has properties associ
-ated with waves. According to
quantum theory, its impossible to
know the exact position and
momentum of an electron at the
same time. This is known as
theUncertainty Principle.
Particle Physics
There existed a very simple scheme of two
basic sets of particles: the quarks and leptons
(among the leptons are electrons and
neutrinos), and a set of fundamental forces that
allow these to interact with each other. These
"forces" themselves can be regarded as being
transmitted through the exchange of particles
called gauge 4 bosons.
Figure 1.1: Elementary
Particles
What are the elementary
particles of matter?
Leptons and quarks are the basic building
blocks of matter, i.e., they are seen as the
"elementary particles". There are six leptons in
the present structure, the electron, muon, and
tau particles and their associated neutrinos. The
different varieties of the elementary particles
are commonly called "flavors", and the
neutrinos here are considered to have distinctly
different flavor.
Figure 1.2: Leptons and
Quarks
The force carriers
1. The Strong Force Carrier: Gluons (g)
Gluons have no mass and no electric charge.
They carry a special 'charge-like' property that
hold quarks (constituents of protons and
neutrons) together. The theoretical treatment of
this carrier is described in the theory of
quantum chromodynamics (QCD).
The force carriers
2. The electromagnetic force Carrier: Photons
(g)
Photons are responsible to 'carry'
electromagnetic forces. It is also known as the
particle of 'light' as they also 'carry' light as
what we see. They have no mass, and no
charge and can exchange between two particles
over infinite distance. This is also the reason
why light can travel to infinite distance and we
can see stars that are far away.
The force carriers
3. The weak force Carrier: W and Z (W+, W-,
Z0) The carrier W can be either positively
charged (W+) or negatively charged (W-), while
Z is neutral (Z0). The reason why the force is
weak is because these carriers are massive,
about 100 times that of the weight of a proton.
The force carriers
4. The gravitaional force Carrier: Graviton
The existence of this carrier is yet to confirm. If
it exists it should have zero mass and zero
charge. It may will be the discovery of the
century if its presence is ever detected.
Group 1 Members
Buelva, Justine R.
Dichosa, Emmanuel John Laurence S.
Diaz, Ray Emmanuel B.
Urena, Yuan Ragile C.
Javier, Ma. Dangiela B.
Rivera, Ma. Colleen V.
Mero, Ayesha Guada S.
Papel, Rea Kyla S.
Samson, Hannah Patricia B.
Sto. Domingo, Joshuel Kyla E.

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