Energy Consumption
& Power Requirements of A Vehicle
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Know the Requirements Before You develop an
Engine..
Resistance Force : Ra
The major components of the resisting forces to motion are
comprised of :
Aerodynamic loads (Faero)
Acceleration forces (Faccel = ma & I forces)
Gradeability requirements (Fgrade)
Chassis losses (Froll resist ).
F ma Faero Frr Fg
Aerodynamic Force : Flow Past A Bluff Body
Composed of:
1. Turbulent air flow around vehicle body (85%)
2. Friction of air over vehicle body (12%)
3. Vehicle component resistance, from radiators and air
vents (3%)
Aerodynamic Resistance on Vehicle
Dynamic Pressure: 1
Pd V2
2
1
Drag Force: Fd V 2 A f (Re)
2
1
Fd V 2 Cd A
2
1
Fd ,design (1.2) Cd A (V V0 ) 2
2
P = Fd ,designV
Aero Power
A =
projected frontal area (m2)
f(Re)
= Reynolds number
v =
vehicle velocity (m/sec)
P
V0= power (kw) =
2
aero = (12.86 10 ) C d A V (V V0 )
-6
P
head wind velocity
A = area (m2)
V
= velocity (KpH)
V0 = headwind velocity
Purpose, Shape & Drag
Shape & Components of Drag
Some examples of Cd:
The typical modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient of between 0.30 and
0.35.
SUVs, with their flatter shapes, typically achieve a C d of 0.350.45.
Notably, certain cars can achieve figures of 0.25-0.30, although sometimes
designers deliberately increase drag in order to reduce lift.
0.7 to 1.1 - typical values for a Formula 1 car (downforce settings change for
each circuit)
0.7 - Caterham Seven
at least 0.6 - a typical truck
0.57 - Hummer H2, 2003
0.51 - Citron 2CV
over 0.5 - Dodge Viper
0.44 - Toyota Truck, 1990-1995
0.42 - Lamborghini Countach, 1974
0.42 - Triumph Spitfire Mk IV, 1971-1980
0.42 - Plymouth Duster, 1994
0.39 - Dodge Durango, 2004
0.39 - Triumph Spitfire, 1964-1970
0.38 - Volkswagen Beetle
0.38 - Mazda Miata, 1989
0.374 - Ford Capri Mk III, 1978-1986
0.372 - Ferrari F50, 1996
0.36 - Eagle Talon, mid-1990s
0.36 - Citron DS, 1955
0.36 - Ferrari Testarossa, 1986
0.36 - Opel GT, 1969
0.36 - Honda Civic, 2001
0.36 - Citron CX, 1974 (the car was named after the term for drag
coefficient)
0.355 - NSU Ro 80, 1967
0.34 - Ford Sierra, 1982
0.34 - Ferrari F40, 1987
0.34 - Chevrolet Caprice, 1994-1996
0.34 - Chevrolet Corvette Z06, 2006
0.338 - Chevrolet Camaro, 1995
0.33 - Dodge Charger, 2006
0.33 - Audi A3, 2006
0.33 - Subaru Impreza WRX STi, 2004
0.33 - Mazda RX-7 FC3C, 1987-91
0.33 - Citroen SM, 1970
0.32064 - Volkswagen GTI Mk V, 2006 (0.3216 with ground effects)
0.32 - Toyota Celica,1995-2005
0.31 - Citron AX, 1986
0.31 - Citron GS, 1970
0.31 - Eagle Vision
0.31 - Ford Falcon, 1995-1998
0.31 - Mazda RX-7 FC3S, 1986-91
0.31 - Renault 25, 1984
0.31 - Saab Sonett III, 1970
0.30 - Audi 100, 1983
0.30 - BMW E90, 2006
0.30 - Porsche 996, 1997
0.30 - Saab 92, 1947
0.195 - General Motors EV1, 1996
0.19 - Alfa Romeo BAT Concept, 1953
0.19 - Dodge Intrepid ESX Concept , 1995
0.19 - Mercedes-Benz "Bionic Car" Concept, 2005 ([2]
mercedes_bionic.htm) (based on the boxfish)
0.16 - Daihatsu UFEIII Concept, 2005
0.16 - General Motors Precept Concept, 2000
0.14 - Fiat Turbina Concept, 1954
0.137 - Ford Probe V prototype, 1985
Rolling Resistance
Composed primarily of
1. Resistance from tire deformation (90%)
2. Tire penetration and surface compression ( 4%)
3. Tire slippage and air circulation around wheel ( 6%)
4. Wide range of factors affect total rolling resistance
5. Simplifying approximation:
Frr CrrW
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Rolling resistance of a body is proportional to the weight of
the body normal to surface of travel.
Frr Mg
9.81
P rr = C rr M V
3600power
P rr = (2.72 10 ) C rr M V
-3
V
Crr 0.01 1
147
Contact Type Crr
Steel wheel on rail 0.0002...0.0010
Car tire on road 0.010...0.035
Car tire energy safe 0.006...0.009
Tube 22mm, 8 bar 0.002
Race tyre 23 mm, 7 bar 0.003
Touring 32 mm, 5 bar 0.005
Tyre with leak protection 37
0.007 / 0.01
mm, 5 bar / 3 bar
Rolling Resistance And Drag Forces Versus Velocity
Grade Resistance
Composed of
Gravitational force acting on the vehicle
Fg W sin g
For small angles,
g
sin g tan g
Fg W tan g Fg
tan g G
g W
Fg WG
Inertial or Transient Forces
Transient forces are primarily comprised of acceleration
related forces where a change in velocity is required.
These include:
The rotational inertia requirements (FI ) and
the translational mass (Fma).
If rotational mass is added it adds not only rotational
inertia but also translational inertia.
Transient Force due to Rotational Mass
d avehicle
wheel k wheel wheel =
2
Ti = I = I = m
dt r tire
T a m k2 2
Fi = i
= m
k 2 =
2
2
a
2
r tire r tire r tire
= angular acceleration k = radius of gyration t = time T = Torque
m = mass = ratio between rotating component and the tire
Therefore if the mass rotates on a vehicle which has translation,
k
2 2
F ir&t = 2
mr + mt a
r tire
k
2 2
F tire = C d
A V
2
+ g
mt C rr + % Slope + a mr 2 + mt
2 r tire
Resistance power, Presistance Presis tan ce F tire V
Presistance Power Demand Curve
Vehicle Speed
Ideal Engine Powering Torque
F tire r tire
The Powering Engine Torque is: T PE =
G
The speed of the vehicle in km/h is: km / h = RPM PE r tire ( 0.377 )
G
rtire = Tire Rolling Radius (meters)
G = Numerical Ratio between P.E. and Tire
2N
Ideal capacity of Powering Engine: PPE TPE kW
60000
Drive System Efficiency
Drive train inefficiencies further reduce the power available to
produce the tractive forces.
These losses are typically a function of the system design and
the torque being delivered through the system.
PPE
Mechanical Efficiency mech drive
Pactual
mech drive red1 red 2 ...... red n
Actual Capacity of A Powering engine
PPE TPE 2N
Pactual kW
mech mech 60000
Correction for Auxiliary power requirements:
2N tyre
PPE Ftyre rtyre kW Paux
60000
MATLAB for Vehicle Torque Requirement
MATLAB Model for Transmission System
MATLAB Model for Engine Performance
Engine Characteristic Surface
Requirements of Vehicle on Road & Engine Power
Urban Driving Cycle
Engine RPM during Urban Driving Cycle
Engine Fuel Consumption During Urban Driving
Cycle
Inverse of Carnots Question
How much fuel is required to generate required power?
Is it specific to the fuel?
A Thermodynamic model is required to predict the fuel
requirements.
Carnot Model
Otto Model
Diesel Model
A Geometric Model is required to implement the
thermodynamic model.
