Lecture 23 - Slender

Columns and Two-way

Slabs
August 1, 2003
RC 444

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Lecture Goals
Slender Column Design
One-way and two-way slab
Slab thickness, h

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
A rectangular braced column of a multistory frame
building has floor height lu =25 ft. It is subjected to
service dead-load moments M2= 3500 k-in. on top and
M1=2500 k-in. at the bottom. The service live load
moments are 80% of the dead-load moments. The
column carries a service axial dead-load PD = 200 k
and a service axial live-load PL = 350 k. Design the
cross section size and reinforcement for this column.
Given A = 1.3 and B = 0.9. Use a d=2.5 in. cover
with an sustain load = 50 % and fc = 7 ksi and fy = 60
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ksi.
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 Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute the factored loads and moments are 80% of
the dead loads
Pu 1.2 PD 1.6 PL 1.2 200 k 1.6 350 k
800 k
M 1u 1.2 M D 1.6 M L 1.2 2500 k-in 1.6 0.8 2500 k-in
6200 k-in.
M 2u 1.2M D 1.6 M L 1.2 3500 k-in 1.6 0.8 3500 k-in
8680 k-in.
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute the k value for the braced compression
members
k 0.7 0.05 A B 0.7 0.05 1.3 0.9
0.81 1.0
k 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.05 0.9
0.895 1.0

Therefore, use k = 0.81

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check to see if slenderness is going to matter. An
initial estimate of the size of the column will be an inch
for every foot of height. So h = 25 in.

kln 0.81 25 ft 12 in./ft

32.4
r 0.3 25 in.
6200 k-in.
32.4 34 12 25.43
8680 k-in.
We need to be concerned with slender columns
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
So slenderness must be considered. Since frame has
no side sway, M2 = M2ns, s = 0 Calculate the minimum
M2 for the ratio computations.

M 2,min Pu 0.6 0.03h 800 k 0.6 0.03 25 in.

1080 k-in. M 2 8680 k-in.

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute components of concrete
f c 33 150
1.5
Ec 33w 1.5
7000
5.07x106 psi 5.07x103 ksi

The moment of inertia of the column is

25 in. 25 in.
3 3
bh
Ig
12 12
32552 in 4

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute the stiffness, EI

0.4 Ec I g 0.4 5.07x103 ksi 32552 in 4

EI
1 d 1 0.5
4.4x10 k-in 7 2

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The critical load (buckling), Pcr, is

EI
2 2 4.4x107 k-in 2
Pcr
klu
2 2
12 in.
0.81 25 ft ft

7354.3 k

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute the coefficient, Cm, for the magnification
coefficient
M 1
Cm 0.6 0.4
M 2
6200 k-in.
0.6 0.4 0.89 0.4
8680 k-in.

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The magnification factor

Cm 0.89
ns
Pu 800 k
1 1
0.75Pcr 0.75 7354.3 k
1.04 1.0

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The design moment is

M c ns M 2 1.04 8680 k-in. 9027.2 k-in.

Therefore, the design conditions are

Pc 800 k & M c 9027.2 k-in.

9027.2 k-in.
e 11.28 in.
800 k
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Assume that the = 2.0 % or 0.020

As 0.02 25 in. 12.5 in

2 2

Use 14 # 9 bars or 14 in2

As 7.0 in 2

Acs 7.0 in 2

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The column is compression controlled so c/d > 0.6.
Check the values for c/d = 0.6

c 0.6d 0.6 22.5 in. 13.5 in.

a 1c 0.7 13.5 in. 9.45 in.

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check the strain in the tension steel and compression
steel.

c d 13.5 in. 2.5 in.

s1 cu 0.003
c 13.5 in.
0.00244
f cs1 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.00244
70.76 ksi f cs1 60 ksi

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The tension steel is

d c 22.5 in. 13.5 in.

s cu 0.003
c 13.5 in.
0.002
fs Es s 29000 ksi 0.002
58 ksi

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Combined forces are

Cc 0.85 f cba 0.85 7 ksi 25 in. 9.45 in.

1405.7 k
Cs1 Acs f cs 0.85 f c 7 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 7 ksi
378.35 k
T As f s 7 in 2 58 ksi
406.0 k
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Combined force is

Pn Cc Cs1 T
1405.7 k 378.35 k 406.0 k
1378.05 k

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Moment is
h a h h
M n Cc Cs1 d T d
2 2 2 2
9.45 in.
1405.7 k 12.5 in.
2
378.35 k 12.5 in. 2.5 in.
406.0 k 22.5 in. 12.5 in.
18773 k-in.

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The eccentricity is
M n 18773 k-in
e
Pn 1378.05 k
13.62 in.
Since the e = 11.28 in. < 13.62 in. The section is in the
compression controlled region = 0.65. You will want
to match up the eccentricity with the design.

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
We need to match up the eccentricity of the problem.
This done varying the c/d ratio to get the eccentricity
to match. Check the values for c/d = 0.66

c 0.66d 0.66 22.5 in. 14.85 in.

a 1c 0.7 14.85 in. 10.395 in.

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check the strain in the tension steel and compression
steel.

c d 14.85 in. 2.5 in.

s1 cu 0.003
c 14.85 in.
0.00249
f cs1 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.00249
72.35 ksi f cs1 60 ksi

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The tension steel is

d c 22.5 in. 14.85 in.

s cu 0.003
c 14.85 in.
0.00155
f s Es s 29000 ksi 0.00155
44.82 ksi

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Combined forces are
Cc 0.85 f cba 0.85 7 ksi 25 in. 10.395 in.
1545.26 k
Cs1 Acs f cs 0.85 f c 7 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 7 ksi
378.35 k
T As f s 7 in 2 44.82 ksi
313.74 k

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Combined force is

Pn Cc Cs1 T
1546.26 k 378.35 k 313.74 k
1610.9 k

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Moment is
h a h h
M n Cc Cs1 d T d
2 2 2 2
10.395 in.
1545.26 k 12.5 in.
2
378.35 k 12.5 in. 2.5 in.
313.74 k 22.5 in. 12.5 in.
18205.2 k-in

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The eccentricity is
M n 18205.2 k-in
e
Pn 1610.9 k
11.30 in.
Since the e 11.28 in. The reduction factor is equal to
= 0.65. Compute the design load and moment.

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The design conditions are

Pu Pn 0.65 1610.9 k
1047.1 k 800 k OK!
M u M n 0.65 18205.2 k-in
11833.4 k-in. 9027.2 k-in. OK!

The problem matches the selection of the column.

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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Design the ties for the column
Provide #3 ties, spacing will be the minimum of:

48dstirrup 48 0.375 in. 18 in.

s smallest 16d bar 16 1.128 in. 18 in. controls
h 25 in.

Therefore, provide #3 ties @ 18 in. spacing.

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Using Interaction
Diagrams
Determine eccentricity. Select steel sizes.
Estimate column size Check values.
required base on axial load. Design ties by ACI code
Determine e/h and required Design sketch
Pn/Ag, Mn/(Agh)
Determine which chart to use
from fc, fy and . Determine
from the chart.

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 Two-way Slabs

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Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior

One-way slabs carry

load in one direction.
Two-way slabs carry
load in two directions.

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Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior
One-way and two-way
slab action carry load
in two directions.

One-way slabs: Generally,

long side/short side > 1.5
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Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior

Flat slab Two-way slab with beams

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Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior
For flat plates and slabs the column connections
can vary between:

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Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior

Flat Plate Waffle slab

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Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior

The two-way ribbed slab and waffled slab system:

General thickness of the slab is 2 to 4 in.
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Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior
Economic Choices
Flat Plate suitable span 20 to 25 ft with LL= 60 -100 psf
Advantages
Low cost formwork

Exposed flat ceilings

Fast

Disadvantages
Low shear capacity

Low Stiffness (notable deflection)

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Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior
Economic Choices
Flat Slab suitable span 20 to 30 ft with LL= 80 -150 psf
Advantages
Low cost formwork

Exposed flat ceilings

Fast

Disadvantages
Need more formwork for capital and panels

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Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior
Economic Choices
Waffle Slab suitable span 30 to 48 ft with LL= 80
-150 psf
Advantages
Carries heavy loads

Attractive exposed ceilings

Fast

Disadvantages
Formwork with panels is expensive

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Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior
Economic Choices
One-way Slab on beams suitable span 10 to 20 ft with
LL= 60-100 psf
Can be used for larger spans with relatively higher

cost and higher deflections

One-way joist floor system is suitable span 20 to 30 ft
with LL= 80-120 psf
Deep ribs, the concrete and steel quantities are

relative low
Expensive formwork expected.

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 Comparison of One-way and
Two-way slab behavior
ws =load taken by short direction
wl = load taken by long direction
A = B
5ws A4 5wl B 4

384 EI 384 EI
ws B4
For B 2A ws 16wl
wl A4
Rule of Thumb: For B/A > 2,
design as one-way slab
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Two-Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor

Section A-A:
wl12
Moment per ft width in planks M k - ft/ft
l12 8
Total Moment M f wl2 k - ft
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 Two-Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor

wl1
Uniform load on each beam k/ft
2 wl1 l22
Moment in one beam (Sec: B-B) M lb k - ft

2 8
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 Two-Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs

l22
Total Moment in both beams M wl1 k - ft
8
Full load was transferred east-west by the planks and then was
transferred north-south by the beams;
The same is true for a two-way slab or any other floor system.
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General Design
Concepts
(1) Direct Design Method (DDM)
Limited to slab systems to uniformly distributed
loads and supported on equally spaced columns.
Method uses a set of coefficients to determine the
design moment at critical sections. Two-way slab
system that do not meet the limitations of the ACI
Code 13.6.1 must be analyzed more accurate
procedures

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General Design
Concepts
(2) Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
A three-dimensional building is divided into a
series of two-dimensional equivalent frames by
cutting the building along lines midway between
columns. The resulting frames are considered
separately in the longitudinal and transverse
directions of the building and treated floor by
floor.

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Equivalent Frame Method
(EFM)

Longitudinal Transverse equivalent

equivalent frame frame

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 Equivalent Frame Method
(EFM)

Elevation of the frame Perspective view

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Method of Analysis
(1) Elastic Analysis
Concrete slab may be treated as an elastic
plate. Use Timoshenkos method of analyzing
the structure. Finite element analysis

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Method of Analysis
(2) Plastic Analysis
The yield method used to determine the limit state of
slab by considering the yield lines that occur in the
slab as a collapse mechanism.
The strip method, where slab is divided into strips
and the load on the slab is distributed in two
orthogonal directions and the strips are analyzed as
beams.
The optimal analysis presents methods for
minimizing the reinforcement
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Method of Analysis
(3) Nonlinear analysis
Simulates the true load-deformation characteristics
of a reinforced concrete slab with finite-element
method takes into consideration of nonlinearities of
the stress-strain relationship of the individual
members.

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Column and Middle
Strips
The slab is broken
up into column
and middle strips
for analysis

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Minimum Slab Thickness for
Two-way Construction
The ACI Code 9.5.3 specifies a minimum slab thickness
to control deflection. There are three empirical
limitations for calculating the slab thickness (h), which
are based on experimental research. If these limitations
are not met, it will be necessary to compute deflection.

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Minimum Slab Thickness for
Two-way Construction
(a) For 0.2 m 2

fy
ln 0.8

200,000
h
36 5 m 0.2

fy in psi. But not less than 5 in.

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Minimum Slab Thickness for
Two-way Construction
(b) For 2 m

fy
ln 0.8

200,000
h
36 9

fy in psi. But not less than 3.5 in.

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 Minimum Slab Thickness for
Two-way Construction
(c) For m 0.2
Use the following table 9.5(c)

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Minimum Slab Thickness for
Two-way Construction
Slabs without interior
beams spanning
between supports and
ratio of long span to
short span < 2

See section 9.5.3.3

For slabs with beams
spanning between
supports on all sides.

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Minimum Slab Thickness for
two-way construction
The definitions of the terms are:

h = Minimum slab thickness without interior beams

ln = Clear span in the long direction measured face to
face of column

the ratio of the long to short clear span
m=
The average value of for all beams on the sides
of the panel.

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Definition of Beam-to-Slab
Stiffness Ratio,
Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along
slab edge reduces deflections of panel
adjacent to beams.

flexural stiffness of beam

flexural stiffness of slab

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Definition of Beam-to-Slab
Stiffness Ratio,
4E cb I b / l E cb I b

4E cs I s / l E cs I s
E cb Modulus of elasticity of beam concrete
E sb Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete
I b Moment of inertia of uncracked beam
I s Moment of inertia of uncracked slab

With width bounded laterally by centerline of

adjacent panels on each side of the beam.
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Beam and Slab Sections for
calculation of

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Beam and Slab Sections for
calculation of

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Beam and Slab Sections for
calculation of

Definition of beam cross-section

Charts may be used to calculate
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Minimum Slab Thickness for
Two-way Construction

Slabs without drop panels meeting 13.3.7.1 and 13.3.7.2,

tmin = 5 in
Slabs with drop panels meeting 13.3.7.1 and 13.3.7.2,
tmin = 4 in

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Example - Slab
A flat plate floor system with
panels 24 by 20 ft is supported on
20 in. square columns.
Determine the minimum slab
thickness required for the interior
and corner panels. Use fc = 4 ksi
and fy = 60 ksi

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Example - Slab
Slab thickness, from table 9.5(c) for fy = 60 ksi
and no edge beams
ln
hmin
30
20 in. 1 ft.
ln 24 ft. 2 22.33 ft.
2 12 in.
12 in.
22.33 ft.
hmin 1 ft. 8.93 in. 9 in.
30
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Example - Slab
Slab thickness, from table 9.5(c) for fy = 60 ksi
and no edge beams for = m = 0 (no beams)
ln
hmin
33
12 in.
22.33 ft.
hmin 1 ft. 8.12 in. 8.5 in.
33

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Example
Calculations
The floor system consists of
solid slabs and beams in two
directions supported on 20-in.
square columns. Determine the
minimum slab thickness, h,
required for the floor system.
Use fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi

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Example
Calculations

The cross-sections are:

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 Example
Calculations
To find h, we need to find m therefore Ib, Islab and for
each beam and slab in long short direction. Assume
slab thickness h = 7 in. so that x = y < 4 tf
22 in. 7 in. 15 in. 4tf 4 7 in. 28 in.

be 16 in. 2 15 in. 46 in.

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 Example
Calculations
Compute the moment of inertia and centroid
I beam 22453 in 4

1 3 1 12 in.
7 in.
3
I slab bh 20 ft
12 12 1 ft.
6860 in 4
b h Ai (in2) y i (in) y iAi (in3) I (in4) d (in) d2A (in4)
Flange 7 46 322 3.5 1127 1314.833 -4.69751 7105.442
Beam 15 16 240 14.5 3480 4500 6.302491 9533.135

562 4607 5814.833 16638.58

ybar = 8.197509 in
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I = 22453.41 in4
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Example
Calculations
Compute the coefficient for the long direction
EI beam 22453 in 4
long 4
EI slab 6860 in
3.27
Short side of the moment of inertia
1 3 1 12 in.
7 in.
3
I slab bh 24 ft
12 12 1 ft.
8232 in [email protected]
4

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Example
Calculations
Compute the coefficient for short direction

EI beam 22453 in 4
short
EI slab 8232 in 4
2.73
The average m for an interior panel is
2 long 2 short 2 3.27 2 2.73
avg
4 4
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Example
Calculations
Compute the coefficient
20 in. 1 ft.
24 ft. 2
llong 2 12 in.
1.22
lshort 20 in. 1 ft.
20 ft. 2
2 12 in.
Compute the thickness for m > 2
fy 12 in.
60000
ln 0.8 22.33 ft. 0.8
200000
1 ft.
200000
h
36 9 36 9 1.22
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6.28 in. Use slab thickness, 6.5 in. or 7 in.
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 Example
Calculations
Compute the moment of inertia and centroid for the
L-beam
I L-beam 15302 in 4
1 3 1 12 in.
7 in.
3
I slab bh 10 ft
12 12 1 ft.
3430 in 4
b h Ai (in2) y i (in) y iAi (in3) I (in4) d (in) d2A (in4)
Flange 7 27 189 3.5 661.5 771.75 -5.36585 5441.761
Beam 15 12 180 14.5 2610 3375 5.634146 5713.849

369 3271.5 4146.75 11155.61

ybar = 8.865854
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I = 15302.36 in4 77
Example
Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for long direction
EI L-beam 15302 in 4
long 4
EI slab 3430 in
4.46
Short side of the moment of inertia
1 3 1 12 in.
7 in.
3
I slab bh 12 ft
12 12 1 ft.
4116 in [email protected]
4

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Example
Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for the short direction

EI L-beam 15302 in 4
short 4
EI slab 4116 in
3.72

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Example
Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for the edges and corner

4.46 2.73 3.27 2.73

m
4
3.30

3.72 3.27 2.73 3.27

m
4
3.25
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Example
Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for the edges and corner

3.72 4.46 2.73 3.27

m
4
3.55

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Example
Calculations
Compute the largest length ln of the slab/beam, edge to
first interior column.

20 in. 1 ft.
12 in.
1 ft.
ln 24 ft.
2 12 in. 2 12 in.
22.67 ft.

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Example
Calculations
Compute the thickness of the slab with m > 2

fy 12 in.
60000
ln 0.8 22.67 ft. 0.8
200000
1 ft.
200000
h
36 9 36 9 1.22
6.37 in. Use slab thickness, 6.5 in. or 7 in.

The overall depth of the slab is 7 in.

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