ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES
SMA 3033
SEMESTER 2 2016/2017
CHAPTER 3 : ISOMORPHISM &
HOMOMORPHISM
BY:
DR ROHAIDAH HJ MASRI
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM
Example 1
S = { a, T = { x, y,
b, c } zx} y
* a b c * z
a c a b x z x y
b a b c y x y z
c b c a z y z x
Note that, this two
tables are
structurally alike.
Compare
S & T are
isomorphic binary
structure. ( S T )
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
Definition 1 (Isomorphism)
Let G be a group with operation * , and let H be a group with
operation #. An isomorphism of G onto H is a mapping : G
H that is one to one and onto satisfies
(a * b) = (a) # (b) for all a, b in G.
Note:
The condition An isomorphism from a group G
(a * b) = (a) # (b) to G itself :
is described as preserves :GG
the operation. is called an automorphism of G.
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
Some steps to show that binary structures are
isomorphic :
Let < S, * > & < S, * > are two binary structures.
1.Define the function that gives the isomorphism of S with
S .
2.Show that is a one to one function.
3.Show that is onto S.
4.Show that ( a * b ) = (a) * (b) for all a, b in S.
Example 2
Let 2Z = { 2n | nZ } and : Z 2Z. Show that a binary
structure < Z, + > is isomorphic to the structure < 2Z, + >.
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
Solution:
1.To show is 1-1.
Let m, n Z.
(m) = (n)
2m = 2n
m=n
Then, is 1-1.
2.To show is onto.
(To show n2Z mZ such that (m) = n )
Let n2Z.
(m) = n
2m = n
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
m = n/2Z
Then,
is onto.
3.To show (m + n) = (m) + (n).
Let m, n Z.
LHS:
(m + n) = 2(m + n)
= 2m + 2n
= (m) + (n) : RHS
Therefore, is isomorphism
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
Example 3
Let RP denote the positive real numbers @ R+ , and define
: RP R by
(x) = log10(x) for each xRP
Show that < RP, . > is isomorphic to < R, + >.
Solution :
1.To show is 1-1.
(For all x, yRP, (x)=(y) then x = y )
Let x, yRP .
(x)=(y)
log10(x) = log10(y)
= y. is 1-1.
x Then,
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
2. To show is onto.
(yR , xRP such that (x) = y )
Let yR.
(x) = y
log10(x) = y
x = 10y R.
then,
is onto.
3. To show (xy) = (x) + (y).
Let x, y RP.
LHS : (xy) = log10(xy)
= log10(x) + log10(y)
= (x) + (y) : RHS
Therefore, < Rp, . > < R, + >.
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
Exercise:
1.Show that the binary structure < R, + > is isomorphic to
the structure < R+, . >. Mapping : R R+ is defined by
(x) = ex.
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
Theorem 1
If G and H are isomorphic groups and G is abelian, then H is
abelian.
Proof:
Let * be the operation of G
and
let # be the operation of H.
Hypothesis
Suppose : G H be an isomorphism.
Also, let G is Abelian. Hypothesis
If x, y H.
Then, there are elements a, b G such that,
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
(a) = x
(b) = y.
(To show H is abelian).
(To show x # y = y # x ).
x # y = (a) # (b)
b ) iso
= (a *Since
preserves
= (b * a) Since G is
abelian
= (b) # (a)
Since iso
= y # x. preserves
Then, H is abelian.
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
Theorem 2
Suppose <G, *> has identity e for *. If : G G is an
isomorphism of <G, * > and <G, *>, then (e) is the
identity for the binary operation * on G.
Proof:
(To show (e) is the identity in <G, * > )
(To show (e) * x = x = x * (e) )
Let x G .
is
Since is an isomorphism 1-1, onto & preserves
operation
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
Since is onto
x G x G such that (x)
= x.
x = (x)
= (e * x) By def. identity
element
= (e) * (x)
Since is
= (e) * x isomorphism(1)
x = (x)
= (x * e)
= (x) * (e)
= x * (e) (2)
By Eq. (1) & (2);
(e) * x = x = x * (e).
Therefore,
(e) is the identity element in G
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
Theorem 3
Let G be a group with operation * . Let G be a group with
operation # and : G G is an isomorphism. Then,
( a-1) = [(a)]-1 for all aG.
Proof: By
Theorem
2
Let aG.
Since (e) is identity in G ;
Then,
(e) = ( a * a-1 ) By def. of inverse
= (a) # ( a-1) element
(1) Since
isomorphism
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
Also,
(e) = (a-1 * a)
= (a-1) (a) (2)
From Eq. (1) & (2);
(a) # ( a-1) = (a-1) (a) = (e)
Take, (a-1) (a) = (e)
Since G group
[(a ) (a)] # [(a)] = (e) # [(a)]-1
-1 -1
G3
(a-1) [ (a) # [(a)]-1 ] = [(a)]-1 By G1 & G2
(a-1) (e) = [(a)]-1 By def. of G3
(a-1) = [(a)]-1
Note: If : < G, . > < G, * > iso. then ( x . y) =
(x) * (y)
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
Example 4
Assume that H = { u, v, w, x, y, z } is a group with respect
to multiplication and that : Z6 H is an isomorphism with
(0) = u (3) = x
(1) = v (4) = y
(2) = w (5) = z
Replace each the following by the appropriate letter, either
u, v, w, x, y or z.
(a)xw (c) y2 v -1
(b)z-1 (d) (xy) -1 z
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3.1 ISOMORPHISM (Cont.)
Solution:
(a) xw = (3)(2)
= ( 3 +6 2 )
= (5) Recall: Table of
=z integer modulo Z
(b) z-1 = [ (5) ]-1 By theorem
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5
= (5 -1 ) 3
= (1) 6 0 1 2 3 4 5
How to get 0 1 2 3 4 5 0
this?? 1 2 3 4 5 0 1
2 3 4 5 0 1 2
Try (c) & (d) ! 3 4 5 0 1 2 3
4 5 0 1 2 3 4
5
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3.2 HOMOMORPHISMS
Definition 1 (Homomorphism)
Let < G, * > and < G, * > be groups and a function
from G into G. Then is called a homomorphism of G into
G if for all a, b in G,
( a * b ) = (a) * (b).
Definition 2 ( Trivial Homomorphism)
Let e be the identity of the group G. Define : G G by
(a) = e for all a in G.
Since (a*b) = e = e * e = (a) * (b) for all a, b in G,
we find that is a homomorphism from G to G.
Here , is called a trivial homomorphism.
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3.2 HOMOMORPHISMS
Example 1
Let rZ and let r : < Z, + > < Z, + > be defined by
r(n) = r n for all nZ.
Show that r is a homomorphism.
Solution:
Let m, n in Z.
LHS : r (m + n)
= r (m + n)
= rm + rn
= r (m) + r (n) : RHS
Then,
r is a homomorphism.
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3.2 HOMOMORPHISMS
Example 2
Let
be the group under matrix multiplication. Let R* be the
group of all nonzero real numbers under multiplication.
Define : M R* by
Determine whether is a homomorphism.
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3.2 HOMOMORPHISMS
Solution:
LHS:
Since . & +
comm. on R
RHS
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3.2 HOMOMORPHISMS
Example 3
Define a function f : < Z, + > < Z, + > by f(a) = a + 1 for
all a in Z. Determine whether f is a homomorphism.
Solution:
Let a, b in Z.
(To show f(a + b) = f(a) + f(b) )
LHS : f(a + b) = (a + b) + 1
RHS : f(a) + f(b) = (a + 1 ) + (b + 1)
= a + b + 2.
See that, LHS RHS. Then f is not a homomorphism.
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3.2 HOMOMORPHISMS
Example 4
Let R* be the group of all nonzero real numbers under
multiplication. Define : R* R* by (a) = | a |. Show that
is a homomorphism.
Solution:
Let a, b in R*.
LHS : (ab) = |ab|
= | a || b |
= (a) (b) : RHS
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3.2 HOMOMORPHISMS
3.2.1 Properties of Homomorphism
Definition 3 (Inverse Image)
Let be a function of a set X into a set Y, and let A X
and B Y. The image [A] of A in Y under is
{ (a) | aA }.
The set [ X ] is the range of .
The inverse image -1[B] of B in X is { xX | (x)B }.
X
[B]
-1
B Y
The inverse
image of B
x . . (x)
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3.2 HOMOMORPHISMS
Theorem 1
Let be a homomorphism of a group G into group G.
(a)If e is the identity element in G, then (e) is the identity
element e in G.
(b)If aG, then (a-1) = [(a)]-1.
(c)If H is a subgroup of G, then [H] is a subgroup of G.
(d)If K is a subgroup of G, then -1[K] is a subgroup of G.
Proof:
(a)Let be a homomorphism of G into G.
Then,
(a) = (ae) = (a) (e)
(1)
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3.2 HOMOMORPHISMS
Multiplying on the left of (1) by [(a)]-1:
Then,
[(a)]-1 (a) = (ae) = [(a)]-1 (a) (e)
e = (e)
(b)To show (a-1) = [(a)]-1.
By (a),
e = (e) .
Then,
e = (e) = (a a-1) = (a)(a-1).
e = (a)(a-1)
Then by multiplying [(a)]-1 on both sides,
(a-1) = [(a)]-1
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3.2 HOMOMORPHISMS
Definition 4 ( Kernel of )
Let be a homomorphism of a group G into a group G. The
kernel of , denoted by Ker() is defined to be the set
Ker() = { aG | (a) = e }.
Example 5
Determine whether and are elements
of ker(), where
is the homomorphism defined in example 2.
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3.2 HOMOMORPHISMS
Solution:
Note that : 1 is the identity for the group R* under
multiplication.
From the definition of ker(),
but 1(3) 1(0) = 3, so is not an element
of ker().
and 2(1) 1(1) = 1, so, is an element
of ker().
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3.2 HOMOMORPHISMS
Theorem 2
Let be a homomorphism of a group G into a group G. Then,
is one to one if and only if ker() = {e}.
Note:
Monomorphism - one to one homomorphism.
Epimorphism onto homomorphism.
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