Lecture Notes

EEE 360
George G. Karady

TOPIC 8
DC Machine

Read Chapter: 6.1-6,5, 6.7

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 LECTURE 21

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DC machine Construction Dc motor construction

The major advantages of DC

Field
machines are: easy speed and
torque regulation. Rotor

The stator of the DC motor has

poles, which are excited by DC
current to produce magnetic fields. N S
The rotor has a ring-shaped
laminated iron-core with slots.
Coils with several turns are placed in
the slots. The distance between the Stator with
two legs of the coil is about 180 Brush with poles
electric degrees.

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Concept of the commutator
DC machine Construction

The coils are connected in series. I_

The junction points of the coils are
connected to a commutator.
The commutator consists of
insulated copper segments
mounted in a cylinder. Insulator
Two brushes are pressed to the
commutator to permit current flow.
Copper
The brushes are placed in the
neutral zone (magnetic field is I+
close to zero) to reduce arcing.
coil
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DC machine Construction Dc motor stator construction

The picture shows the stator of a

Field poles
large DC machine with several
poles.
Inter pole
Note the interpoles between the
main poles. These poles reduce the
field in the neutral zone and
eliminate arcing of the commutator.
A compensation winding is placed
on the main poles to increase field
during high load.
The iron core is supported by a cast
iron frame.
Compensation
winding
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DC machine Construction DC motor rotor construction
The adjoining picture shows the rotor
Poles Fan
of a DC machine.
Brushes
The rotor iron core is mounted on the
shaft.
Coils are placed in the slots.
The end of the coils are bent and
tied together to assure mechanical
strength.
Note the commutator mounted on
the shaft. It consists of several Rotor winding
copper segments, separated by
Bearing Commutator
insulation.

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Insulator Flag
Ring
DC Machine Construction

The adjoining picture shows the

commutator of a large DC machine.
The segments are made out of
copper and mica insulation is placed
between the segments.
The end of each segment has a flag
attached. The coil endings are
welded to these flags.
An insulated ring is placed on the
coil ends to assure proper
Copper
mechanical strength.

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Stationary
Operation principles DC motor operation concept Brushes

The poles are supplied by DC

current producing a DC magnetic
field.
The poles are shaped in such a way
the field distribution along the pole is N S
more or less sinusoidal.
When the rotor coil is rotated, the
flux linkage changes during the
rotation. It is maximum when the coil
is in vertical position and zero when
it is in horizontal position.
Rotating Coil Sides

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Concept of commutation

The current direction changes The direction of magnetic field

as the conductor passes also changes as the conductor
through the neutral zone. passes through the neutral zone.

Neutral Zone
F
B B

N S N S
I I
Magnetic field

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Induced voltage and torque calculation.

The magnetic field is generated by the field current If.

The flux F f is proportional to the field current.

F f = K f If .

The Kf factor is calculated from the magnetic circuit using Amperes

Law.

The flux change is proportional to the motor speed wm.

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Induced voltage and torque calculation.

The induced voltage after rectification is:

Ea = K F f wm = K K f I f wm = Km I f wm

The out put power if the losses are neglected is:

Pdc = Ia Ea = Tm wm.

The torque is:

Tm = Ia Ea / wm = K F f Ia = Km I f Ia

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Equivalent circuit.

The DC machine can be represented by a voltage source and a

resistance connected in series. The armature winding has a resistance,
Ra.
The field circuit is represented by a winding that generates the magnetic
field and a resistance connected in series. The field winding has
resistance Rf.
Ra

Rf Ff Ia
Ea Va
Vf If

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Equivalent circuit.

The equations are:

F f = K f If
Ra
Ea = K F f wm = Km If wm
Rf Ff Ia
Ea = Va + Ia Ra Ea Va
Vf If
Vf = If R f

Tm = K F f Ia = Km If Ia

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Type of DC machines.

Separately excited machine.

The main winding supplies the load.
The field winding is supplied by a separate DC source whose
voltage is variable.
Good speed control.

Ff
Va
Vf

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Type of DC machines.

Shunt DC machine.
The armature and field windings are connected in parallel.
Constant speed operation.

Va
Ff

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Major Types of DC machines.

Series DC machine.
The armature and field winding are connected in series.
High starting torque.

Va
Fs

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Major Types of DC machines.

Compound DC machine.
The machine has two field windings: One connected in series; the
other in parallel.
The series winding provides additional, load dependent excitation.
Reduced voltage drop at high load.

Fs

Va
Ff

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 TEST 4

Induction Machine

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 LECTURE 22

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Motor speed characteristics
Numerical Example

Motor equations
Ea = Km I f wm
Ea = Va - Ia Ra - Vbrush
V f = If R f
Tm = K m I f Ia

The first two equations yield:

V R I
wm a a
K m If K m If
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Motor speed characteristics.

The substitution of Ia from the fourth equation results in :

V Ra
wm 2
Tm
K m I f (K m I f ) Tm

300 0.2
wm Tm
0.935 2 (0.935 2) 2

Starting torque
w m 140.25 0.0571 Tm

Tm 2456.21 17.51 w m wm
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Motor starting
Numerical Example

The torque equation is : The starting torque is

Tm = Km I f Ia Tm = (0.935)(2)(124.8) = 233.4 Newton m
The Km is calculated from the no-
load data.
0.2 W
Km = 0.935 Vsec /A
The field current is : 4V R Ia
300 / 150 =2 A Ea=0 300V
Ff 150 W
The load current is :
(300-4) /(0.2+2.17) = 124.8 A

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Numerical Example.
GENERATOR:

A 20 kW, 250 V, 1300 rpm, separately excited generator has an armature

resistance of Ra = 0.3 ohm, and a field coil resistance of Rf = 180 ohms.
At no load, the terminal voltage is 250 V, the field current is 1.5 A.
At full load, the terminal voltage is also 250 V.
0.3W
a) Draw the equivalent circuit.
b) At full load, calculate: 180W Ia
the generated voltage Ea Ea 250V
the developed torque Vf If
the Field circuit current and voltage

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Numerical Example. GENERATOR:

Calculation of the machine constant K from no-load data:

Machine speed: wm= 2 p n/60 =2 p 1300/60 = 136.13 1/sec

Machine constant: Ea_nl = K F f wm = Km I f wm

Km = Ea_nl / I f wm = 250 / (1.5 )( 136.13) = 1.224

Load current: Ia = 20000 / 250 = 80 A

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Numerical Example. GENERATOR.

Generated voltage:
Ea = Vt + Ia Ra = 250 + (80)(0.3) =274 V

Torque:
Te = Ea Ia / wm = (274)(80) / 136.131 = 161.0 Newton m

Excitation/ field current and voltage at full load:

I f = Ea / (Km wm ) = 274/ (1.224) (136.131) =1.64 A
Vf = Rf I f = (1.64)(180) = 296 V

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Numerical Example
MOTOR.

A 15 kW, 240 V, shunt motor has an armature resistance of Ra = 0.25 ohm, and
a field coil resistance of Rf = 120 ohms. At rated terminal voltage the motor
current is 8 A and runs at 1000 rpm.
Equivalent circuit
a) Draw the equivalent circuit.
b) Calculate the motor constant Im
0.25
c) Calculate the speed and torque
characteristics
Ia
Ea 240 V
Ff 120

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Numerical Example.

MOTOR.
Calculation of field current:
I f = 240 / 120 = 2 A
The armature current at no load is:
Ia = 8 - 2 = 6 A
Generated voltage at no load is:
Ea = Vt - Ia Ra = 240 - (6)(0.25) = 238.5 V

No load speed:
wm_nl = 2 p n / 60 = 2 p 1000 / 60 = 104.72 / sec

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Numerical Example
MOTOR.

Machine constant:
Ea = K F f wm_nl = Km I f wm_nl
Km = Ea / I f wm_nl = 238.5 / (2) (104.72) = 1.139
Load current:
Im = 15000 / 240 = 62.5 A

The armature current is:

Ia = 62.5 - 2 = 60.5 A

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Numerical Example.
MOTOR.

Generated voltage at full load is:

Ea = Vt - Ia Ra = 240 - (60.5)(0.25) = 224.9 V
Motor speed at full load:
Ea = K F f wm = Km I f wm
wm = Ea / Km I f = 224.8 / (1.139)( 2) = 98.8 rad./sec
nm = 60 wm / 2 p = 942.7 rpm.
Torque:
Te = Ea Ia / wm = (224.8)(60.5) / 98.8 = 137.65 Newton m

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Motor starting.
Numerical Example
Equivalent circuit for starting
a) Calculate the staring current of
the previous example. 0.2 W

The induced voltage is zero 4V Ia Im

because the speed is zero. Ea=0 300V
Ff 150 W
The starting current is :
I start = (300 -4) / 0.2 = 1480 A.

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Student Class Room Exercise
Numerical Example

A 25 Hp, 300V, shunt motor has an armature resistance of Ra = 0.20 ohm,

and a field coil resistance of Rf = 150 ohms. The brush voltage drop is 4 V.
At no load and rated voltage, the motor current is13 A and the speed is1500 rpm.

a) Draw the equivalent circuit.

b) Calculate the speed and torque at full load.
Im
0.2 W

4V Ia
Equivalent circuit Ea 300V
Ff 150 W

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Motor starting
Numerical Example

This current is too high. It must be Equivalent circuit for starting

limited to 2-3 times the rated
current by a resistance connected 0.2 W
in series with the armature.
4V R Ia
Ea=0
2 Ia = (2)(62.3) = (300-4)/(0.2+R) 300V
Ff 150 W

From this equation R = 2.17 ohm

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Questions to ponder

For each of the basic types of DC motors (shunt, series,

compound) which is used for railways?

What type of motor is recommended for electric cars?

How is the speed of electric cars controlled?

What type of motor would you select for conveyor belt, punch
press and fan?

What are the components of a DC drive system?

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