Networking concepts and

hardware
Basic Communications Model
Standards are needed at all Layers
User Layer

Application Layer

Computer (Transport) Layer

Transmission Layer
 Subnet Layer
Station A Station B

2
1 2

1 4
3

Transmission of Messages
1. Within a Single Subnet, or
2. in Point-to-Point Links Between Subnets
 Internet Layer
Station A Station B

1 4
3

Routing of Messages
Across multiple subnets in an internet
 Internetting
Station A Station B

1 4
3

internet: collection of subnets such that any station

on any subnet can communicate with any other
station on any other subnet simply by giving the
internet address of the other station.
 Layering in Major Architectures

Basic Model TCP/IP IPX/SPX OSI

Application (7)
Application Application Application
Presentation (6)

Computer Transport: Complex: Session (5)

(Transport) TCP, etc. SPX, etc. Transport (4)

Internet Internet Internet Network (3):

Internet &
Subnet
Subnet Subnet Subnet
Data Link (2)
(OSI) (OSI) (OSI)
Physical (1)
 LANs, MANs, & WANs

LAN
Local area network
Single office, building, campus
10 Mbps to 100 Mbps to the desktop common
1 Gbps coming
Will carry most traffic, because most traffic is
local
 PC Networking on a small LAN

Each client and server needs a NIC

rather than a modem

Network Interface
Card (NIC)

In each PC
 LANs, MANs, & WANs

WAN
Wide area network
Intercity, international
9,600 bps to 1 Mbps common to the desktop
Links with higher speed are usually shared
(multiplexed) by several desktops
Emerged before LANs, due to high cost of long-
distance telephone charges
Microsoft Layered Network
Architecture
7. Application User Mode

6. Presentation Kernel Mode

5. Session NetBIOS Redirectors Servers WinSock driver

driver
Transport Driver Interface Streams
4. Transport

3. Network
Transport Protocols
2. Data Link
LLC NDIS Interface Streams
MAC Network Adapter Card Drivers
1. Physical Network Interface Card
 Some basic concepts
NDIS Interface: Network Driver Specification Interface, wraps
NIC drivers and allow communication with multiple protocols,
binds a NIC to a protocol.
Streams: multiple channels allowing broader bandwidth for data
transfer, envelop the protocols.
Transport Driver Interface: allows software drivers (server,
redirector, etc) to communicate with protocols.
Redirectors: software in WS that redirect network drives,
printers requests to network I/O requests.
Servers: software that allows a device to accept requests from
other devices.
 Standard protocols
NetBEUI - NetBIOS Extended User Interface, native
Windows protocol, not routable.
TCP/IP - implemented through WinSock, routable, supports
SNMP, DHCP, WINS.
NWLink (IPX/SPX) - used to connect to Novell NetWare,
just a protocol, not access.
DLC - Data Link Control, used to connect to IBM
mainframes and HP printers directly connected to a network
(server).
 Data Link Layer
OSI Logical
LogicalLink
LinkControl
ControlLayer
Layer
Data Link
Layer
(Layer 2) Media
MediaAccess
Access Control
Control(MAC)
(MAC)Layer
Layer

OSI 802.3 802.5 802.5

802.3 802.5 802.5 Other
Physical 802.3
802.3 802.3
802.3 Other
Other Physical
Physical Physical
Physical
Other
Physical
10Base-T Physical
Layer 10Base-T 10Base-5
10Base-5 Physical
Physical Layer
Layer Layer
Layer Layer
Layer 44Mbps 16 Layer
(Layer 1) Layer Mbps 16Mbps
Mbps

OSI
OSIData
DataLink
LinkLayer
Layerisissubdivided
subdividedinto
intotwo
twolayers
layers
Media
Mediaaccess
accesscontrol
control
Logical
Logicallink
linkcontrol
control
 LAN Using Ethernet 10Base-T
RJ-45 jacks
10Base-T Hub (Multiport Repeater)

10Base-T
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Wiring UTP Wiring
(4-Pair Bundle) Bundles:
4 Pairs
EIA
Category
3, 4, or 5

PC Network
Interface
Card
NIC RJ-45
Jack
 NICs
Network Interface Cards

Implement Physical Layer

Plug and Electrical Signaling

Implements the Data Link Layer (data packaging,

access control, etc.)
LLC (802.2)
MAC (802.3 MAC)
 Wiring
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Twisted several times per foot to reduce interference, T in 10Base-
and Unshielded
No protection except for plastic coating
Distance limitation: 100 meters (attenuation, distortion, noise and interference, crosstalk)
-- propagation

Categories of UTP Wiring

Category 5: The best. Good for 100 Mbps
Category 3 and 4: lower. May be OK for 100 Mbps
Wiring Plugs: RJ-45 Standard
Similar to home (RJ-11) jacks, but wider
CSMA/CD Media Access Control
CD: Collision Detection
If two stations transmit at once .
Their signals collide, scrambling one another
Because each sender listens (senses the carrier),
both know that there has been a collision
Both stop and wait a random amount of time.
101010 001110
X
Collision
 Ethernet 10Base-T LAN with Multiple
Hubs
Hub 2 Hub 3

Hub 1
UTP
Wire
UTP UTP
Wire Wire UTP Station
Wire Hub 4 C
Daisy
Daisychain,
chain,
no
noLoops
Loops
Station Station allowed!
allowed! UTP Wire
A B Maximum distance
Station
between farthest Stations is D
4 Hubs/5 100 meter segments
 Switches
With a switch, multiple
stations may transmit
simultaneously: no Switch
congestion as traffic
grows.

Station
Station
Connection 1 C
A
A-C

Connection 1
A-C Station
Station Connection 2 D
B B-D

Connection 2
B-D
 Wireless LAN

Broadcast Antenna
Signal

Cluster
Transceiver
Receiving
Transceiver
Transmitting

Hub Controller
Transceiver
Receiving
Wireless LAN
 Wireless LAN with Access Points
Access Point

Industry
Standard
Coffee
Cup Wireless
Notebook
NIC

Antenna
PC Card To Ethernet
(Fan)
Connector Switch
802.11 Wireless LAN Speeds
802.11 2 Mbps (rare)
2.4 GHz band (limited in bandwidth)
802.11b 11 Mbps,
2.4 GHz
3 channels/access point
802.11a 54 Mbps,
5 GHz (> bandwidth than 2.4 GHz)
11 channels/access point
802.11g 54 Mbps,
2.4 GHz
limited bandwidth
 Addresses
Ethernet address (MAC address )
48-bit unique addresses hard wired in NICs (280 trillion)
12 hex numbers, e.g. 00-A0-C9-9F-00-07
first three identify company, Intel in the example
how to see: IPconfig, or System Information
IP address (number)
32-bit value, not hard coded (4 billion), assigned manually or
by DHCP
four dotted quads, each quad a decimal from 0-255,
corresponding to eight bits, e.g. UBMAIL IP address is
198.202.0.25
to convert open Calculator select View, Scientific, decimal
and type dotted quad decimal value, then select binary.
 Interneting

Station A wants to send message to station D, but IP number is not in

the same subnet -- no can do!
Sends the message to the default IP router -- default gateway
All stations belonging to the same subnet share the first three dotted
quads.
204.52.128.67 and 204.52.128.147 are in the same subnet, while
198.202.0.25 is not.
A,B and C-Class Networks
A-class networks
first 8 bits fixed, from 0-126 (only 127)
very large companies like IBM, BBN, DEC,HP
can assign 3 dotted quads - up to 16 million hosts
B-class networks
first 16 bits fixed, first quad 128-191 and second 0-255 (16,384)
Medium-sized companies like Microsoft, Exxon
can assign 2 dotted quads - up to 65,535 hosts
C-class networks
first 24 bits fixed, first quad 192-223, second and third 0-255
(2,097,152)
can assign 1 dotted quad - up to 253 hosts, 0 is the subnet address.,
1 default router address, 255 broadcast address.
Sockets and WinSock
Sockets are the basic TCP requirement
Socket address
IP address of the receiver
Port number of the receiving program (80,21,23)

Type of port TCP or UDP

WinSock is an adaptation of sockets to the

PC
it now comes as part of the PC OSs
it is an application programming interface
Internet Host Names
Host names in Windows
HOSTS - a list of IP and names (each machine)
DNS - a server with a common table of IP & names (use
with Windows 2000, together with Active Directory)
WINS - Windows Internet Name Server
not DNS compatible (use only with NT/9x)
can resolve IP addresses inside a Windows network

good with dealing with NetBEUI names

FQDN
Fully Qualified Domain Name
name of a host like: machine.org.domain, e.g.
ubmail.ubalt.edu, with a DNS assignment to an IP
 Setting static IP addresses
Open Control Panel and select Network Connections
Under LAN or High-Speed Internet select local area
connection,
right-click and select properties
select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click on properties
fill in IP number, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway and
DNS server
click OK, close.
Use ping to test your setup.