EYE DISORDERS DUE TO
TROPICAL DISEASES
dr. Masitha Dewi Sari, SpM
Page 1
SYSTEMIC BACTERIAL
INFECTIONS AND THE EYE
Page 2
BRUCELLOSIS ( MEDITERRANEAN FEVER )
CAUSE : GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI
( Brucella abortus, B melitensis
Or B suis )
EYE COMPLICATIONS
- Uveitis ( chronic & granulomatous )
- Iridocyclitis (keratic precipitates with cells and
circulating proteins in the anterior chamber)
- Keratitis (epithelial opacities)
- Optic neuritis (rare)
Page 3
- EXTRA OCULAR MUSCLES
(Local Inflammation Or Sixth Cranial Nerve
Paralysis Basal Meningoencephalitis )
DIAGNOSIS
Serological test
Isolation of organism from blood, urine, pus
MANAGEMENT
- Topical mydriasis/cycloplegia (anterior
uveitis)atropine sulfate 1%
- Topical corticosteroid
Page 4
TULARAEMIA
CAUSE : Gram negative bacillus,
Pasteurella tularensis (francisella
tularensis)
Systemic disease & its transmission from
animal (rabbits)
EYE COMPLICATIONS (Occur when the organism
penetrates the conjunctivaup to 2 weeks)
Itching, photosentivity, pain, redness,
Chemosis (conjunctival oedema)
Parinauds oculoglandular syndrome
TREATMENT Systemic Treatment
Page 5
TUBERCULOSIS
CAUSE : Mycobacterium tuberculosis
EYE COMPLICATIONS
- Eyelid Scarring And Corneal Exposurelupus
Vulgaris
- Papillary conjunctivitis
- Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitishypersensitivity
Reaction To The Tuberculoprotein (Smallyellow/Pink
Nodules On The Corneoscleral Margin)
- Interstitial keratitis
- Scleritis (Anterior) Or (Posterior)thickening Of
Sclera Due To Granuloma Formation
Page 6
- IRIDOCYCLITIS :
Granulomatous, Large Keratic Precipitates (Mutton
Fat Keratic Precipitates),and Small White Nodules At
The Pupil Margin Or On The Iris Stroma (Koeppe
Nodules)
- CHOROIDITIS
- PANUVEITIS
- OPTIC NEURITIS
- PERIPHLEBITIS RETINAE (DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES)
MANAGEMENT
Topical Corticosteroid ( Phlycten Respon )
Page 7
MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
CAUSED : Gram Negative N. meningitidis
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Cranial Nerves Involvement Extra Ocular
Imbalance
Encephalitis + Optic Neuritispostneuritic Atrophy
Conjunctivitis
Anterior Uveitis
Loss Of Vision (Cortical Blindness)
MANAGEMENT
Local inflammation should be treated
Appropriately
Page 8
DIPTHERIA
CAUSE : Corynebacterium diphtheriae
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Membranous conjungtivitis with eyelid oedema,
discharge and local lymph node enlargement
Corneal ulceration
MANAGEMENT
Diphtheria antitoxins
Penicilliin or erythromycin
Page 9
ANTHRAX
CAUSE : B anthracis
Cutaneous anthrax involves the eyelid and periorbital
regions
Infections is by direct contact with contaminated skins
and other animal product, and transmitted by insect
EYELID COMPLICATIONS
Eyelid scarring ectropion
MANAGEMENT
Systemic therapy (penicillin)
Eyelid surgery
Page 10
CHOLERA
CAUSE : Bacillus Vibrio cholera
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Severely dehydrated sunken eye
Conjunctivitis
Corneal ulceration and corneal oedema
Severely ill patient ( the eyelids are left open, with
consequent dehydration, exposure
keratoconjunctivitis & corneal ulcer)
Increased risk of cataract ( acute systemic
dehydration )
MANAGEMENT
Artificial tears & depend on eye complication Page 11
TYPHOID FEVER
CAUSE : Salmonella typhii (Found In Water,milk,ice-
cream And Other Food)
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Rose Spots ( Conjunctiva )
Cataract ( Dehydration )
Extraocular Muscle & Pupillary Abnormality
( Nervous System )
MANAGEMENT
Systemic therapy
Topical therapy & depends on eye complication
Page 12
SPIROCHAETAL DISEASES
AND THE EYE
Page 13
SYPHILIS
CAUSE : Treponema pallidum
(Venereal Contact Or Mother To Unborn Child)
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Inflamed eyelid, dacryocystitis, conjunctivitis
Extraocular muscle paresis
Interstitial keratitis (salmon patch
appearance),iridocyclitis, pupil
abnormalities,choroiditis (salt and pepper fundus)
Corneal scarring ( ghost vessels )
MANAGEMENT
Topical corticosteroid, cycloplegic
Page 14
LEPTOSPIROSIS
CAUSED : SPIROCHAETES OF GENUS
LEPTOSPIRA
INFECTED BY CONTACT WITH DOMESTIC OR
WILD ANIMAL (RATS,PIGS,DOGS AND CATTLE)
EYE COMPLICATION
SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HAEMORRHAGES
IRIDOCYCLITIS
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMIC TREATMENT
Page 15
RELAPSING FEVER
CAUSED : SPIROCHAETES BORRELIA DUTTONI
& BORRELIA RECURRENTIS
EYE COMPLICATION
ANTERIOR UVEITIS ( ACUTE & CHRONIC )
RETINA ( HEMORRHAGES AND EXUDATES )
MENINGITIS ( PTOSIS & EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE
ABNORMALITIES )
MANAGEMENT
DEPEND ON EYE COMPLICATION
Page 16
YAWS
CAUSED : SPIROCHAETA TREPONEMA PERTENUE
EYE COMPLICATION
CICATRICAL ECTROPION
DESTROY BONE & CARTILAGE ( REGION OF EYE
& ORBIT )
MANAGEMENT
DEPEND ON EYE COMPLICATION
Page 17
CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS
AND THE EYE
Page 18
TRACHOMA
CAUSE : Chlamydia trachomatis
EYE COMPLICATION
Entropion trichiasis keratitis scar
blindness
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR TRACHOMA
Dry
Dust discharge
Dirty dung
Density ( overcrowding in the home )
Page 19
AGENT TRANSMISSION OF THE EYE DISEASE
Flies
Feces
Fomites
Fingers
MANAGEMENT
Epilation
Depend on eye complication
Page 20
LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM
CAUSED : CHLAMYDIA ( BEDSONIA )
INITIAL LESION ( GENITAL REGION )
EYE COMPLICATIONS
FOLLICULAR CONJUNCTIVITIS WITH
LYMPHADENOPATHY
KERATITIS, IRIDOCYCLITIS
DILATATION RETINAL VEINS,
RETINAL HAEMORRHAGES & OEDEMA
MANAGEMENT
DEPENT ON EYE COMPLICATION
Page 21
RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS
AND THE EYE
Page 22
THYPUS
CAUSED : RICKETSIA PROWAZEKI (TICK,MITE OR
FLEA BORNE)
EYE COMPLICATION
CONJUNCTIVITIS + PHOTOSENSITIVITY
SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HAEMORRHAGE
IRIDOCYCLITIS
RETINAL HAEMORRHAGES
OPTIC OEDEM OR ATROPHY
MANAGEMENT
DEPEND ON EYE COMPLICATION
SYSTEMIC THERAPY Page 23
ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
CAUSE : R rickettsii
Vector: tick,carried by wild rodents and dogs
EYE COMPLICATION
Conjunctivitis
Petechial haemorrhages of bulbar and tarsal
conjunctiva
MANAGEMENT
Systemic therapy
Depend on eye complication
Page 24
VIRAL INFECTIONS
AND THE EYE
Page 25
MEASLES
CAUSE : Measles Virus (genus Morbillivirus)
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Photosensitivity, watering, red eye
Punctate keratitis
Measles + vitamin deficiency + dehydration
Failure to close eyelid exposure keratitis
corneal ulcer
MANAGEMENT
Topical antibiotic ointment
Page 26
RUBELLA
CAUSE : RNA virus of the Arbovirus
group
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Cataract ( virus remains in the lens for
some years after birth )
Congenital glaucoma ( buphthalmos )
Rubella retinopathy, optic atropy
Squint, nystagmus and microphthalmus
MANAGEMENT
Depends on eye complication
Page 27
HERPES SIMPLEX
CAUSE : Herpes simplex VIRUS
Herpes simplex ulceration of cornea
tendency to recur
Recurrence may stimulated by : fever, trauma
Ultra violet Exposure, measles and
Psychological factors
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Pain, photosensitivity, watering, red eye
Cornea hypesthesia
Cornea ( dendritic ulcer, geographic ulcer
Uveitis, neovascularization, scar
Page 28
MANAGEMENT
Systemic therapy
Antiviral eye ointment
Cycloplegic
Topical corticosteroid
Conjunctival flap or tarsorrhaphy
Corneal graft
Page 29
HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS
CAUSE : Herpes zoster is a DNA virus which lies
dormant in sensory
Nerve root ganglia after infection with varicella
EYE COMPLICATIONS
If nasociliary branch of ophthalmic
division of the fifth nerve is affected, with
Vesicles on the side of the nose.
Lid Scarring, Conjunctivitis, Episcleritis,
Scleritis, Keratitis, Neuroparalytic Keratitis
Uveitis, secondary glaucoma, optic neuritis
Page 30
HERPES ZOSTER KERATITIS TAKE FORMS in:
Punctate epithelial erosion
Filamentary & disciform keratitis
MANAGEMENT
Rest, analgetics
Topical antiviral ( skin & eye )
Topical cycloplegic
Topical corticosteroid
Page 31
VARICELLA
CAUSE : DNA VIRUS IDENTICAL TO HERPES
VIRUS GROUP
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Vesicle on eyelids, conjunctiva &
corneoscleral margin
Keratitis, iridocyclitis
Extraocular muscle, pupil abnormalities,
Optic neuritis & retina can be involved
MANAGEMENT
Depend on eye complication, antibiotic
Ointment prevent secundary infection
Page 32
MUMPS
Acute fever associated with parotitis
Involving orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis
EYE COMPLICATION
Dacryoadenitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis,
Scleritis, retinitis & optic neuritis
MANAGEMENT
Depend on eye complication
Analgetic
Page 33
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
CAUSED : DNA pox virus
TYPICAL LESION : Papule with central
umbilicus
EYE COMPLICATION
Lesion on eyelid, conjunctivitis, keratitis
MANAGEMENT
Depends on eye complication
Curetting lesion, chemical cautery
Page 34
CYTOMEGALO VIRUS
Associated with AIDS / HIV
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Uveitis, Retinal Oedema & Necrosis
Retinitis With Haemorrhages, Vitreous Opacity
Optic Atrophy, Chorioretinitis
Cataract, Microphthalmos
Pregnancy Woman Result Abnormality
Ocular In The Fetus
Page 35
BURKITTS LYMPHOMA
CAUSE : Epstein- Barr Virus
EYE COMPLICATION
Cranial nerve palsy can involve eyelid
MANAGEMENT
Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy
Page 36
HIV / AIDS
CAUSE : Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS IS MARKER FOR HIV
CLINICAL STAGE OF DISEASE AND
OCULAR COMPLICATION
GROUP 1
ASYMPTOMATIC / GENERALIZED LYMPHADENOPATHY
GROUP 2
HZO, PAPILLOMATA, M CONTAGIOSUM
GROUP 3
HIV-RELATED RETINOPATHY
Page 37
GROUP 4
AIDS, CMV RETINITIS,
Cryptococcal meningitis, kaposi sarcoma
Eyelids have multiple warts or umbilicated
Papules of m contagiosum, both suggestive
Of hiv / aids infections
HIV RELATED RETINOPATHY
Abnormalities of small vessels of retina,
Cotton wool spot, small haemorrhagic
Microaneurysm, telangiectasis
Page 38
AIDS AND CMV RETINITIS
Haemorrhage retinal necrosis
Ketchup ( tomato sauce ) on cottage cheese
Severe progressive ( bilateral ) and if no
Treatment is provided the whole retina may
Be destroyed
Patient with syphilis should be tested for HIV
Page 39
HIV / AIDS AND TBC
TBC reactivated in presence of HIV infection
Massive choroidal invasion may lead to
Secondary retinal necrosis and blindness
HIV / AIDS AND TUMORS
Kaposi sarcoma and b cell lymphoma
TUMOR CAN BE EXCISED FOCAL RADIATION THERAPY
Page 40
FUNGAL INFECTIONS
AND THE EYE
Page 41
FUNGI
FUNGI :
1. Filamentous fungi
2. Yeast
3. Dimorphic fungi
Fungi causing eye infections are commonly
filamentous fungi & yeast
Oculomycoses particularly in country with hot and
humid climates
Page 42
DIFFICULTIES IN MANAGEMENT OF
OCULOMYCOSES RELATED TO PROBLEM
IN DIAGNOSIS AND INADEQUATE RESOURCE
OF ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
EXAMPLE
Fungal corneal ulcer is suggested by dry,
slowly worsening, stromal infiltrate and
multifocal lesions, particularly if the ulcer
fails to respond to antibiotic treatment
THESE SIGNS ARE NOT CONSISTENTLY PRESENT
Page 43
ASPERGILLOSIS
Genus Aspergillus is common in warm and humid
climates which can lead on
To ocular involvement with extraocular
Muscle palsies
Intracerebral abscess formation can cause eye
complication due to space-occupying lesion
Page 44
FUSARIOSIS
May cause suppurative keratitis with or without
hypopion
Corneal scar when area infection heals
Later corneal grafting may be indicated
Page 45
CANDIDIASIS
Commonly found in mouth, throat and vulva
May affect the eyelid, lacrimal system, conjunctiva and
cornea
Often infected follow injury to the eye, whether
accidental or surgical
Page 46
CRYPTOCOCCOCIS
Cryptococcis neoformans yeast
May have systemic effect
mycotic corneal ulceration + hypopion
Endogenous spread through bloodstream results
in involvement of anterior and posterior uvea
Infection of meninges may raised intra-cerebral pressure
with ocular papilloedema or atrophy
Cranial nerve abnormalities also occur
Page 47
BLASTOMYCOSIS
Blastomycosis dermatidis is found in
US and Africa
And affect the skin, lung, meninges
Characterized by suppurative granulomatous lesion
which may be found in eyelid
The orbit, lacrimal canaliculi, conjunctiva and cornea may
be affected
Page 48
COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
Coccidioidomycosis immitis begin with
inhalation of organism causing pneumonitis
Eye involvement can include hypersensitive
response manifesting as phlyctenularis conjunctivitis
Eyelids and intraocular involvement has
been recorded, causing posterior uveitis
Endophthalmitis can occur
Page 49
HISTOPLASMOSIS
CAUSE : Histoplasmosis capsulatum
Histoplasmosis predilection for the posterior uvea and
characterized lesions are multifocal atrophic
choroidal and disciformis macular changes
If subretinal neovascular membrane forms, treat with
argon laser
Page 50
TREATMENT OF FUNGAL INFECTION
ANTIFUNGAL AGENT
Natamycin 5 % eye drops most effective against
filamens fungi including Aspergillus and Fusarium
Amphotericin-B
Triazoles
Page 51
DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOA
Page 52
TOXOPLASMOSIS
CAUSE: Toxoplasma gondii
Congenital toxoplasmosis with infection
of fetus during pregnancy
EYE COMPLICATIONS
blur, photosensitivity, floaters
toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis
squint & nystagmus
lesions may be multifocal, although the
final punched out scar may be seen.
acute phase the foci of inflammation are
fluffy white with hazy margins.
vitritis, macular oedema, iridocyclitis
Page 53
LEISHMANIASIS
CAUSE : PARASITES GENUS Leishmania
transmitted by insect (sandfly )
EYE COMPLICATIONS
visceral leishmaniasis kala azar
retinal haemorrhagic, bilateral
iridocyclitis
keratitis
Page 54
2. CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS
Has been described as tropical sore,
mucocutaneus leishmaniasis and
disseminated cutaneus leishmaniasis
Commonly affect eyelids, occasional
involvement lacrimal / conjunctiva
Cutaneus lesion : ulcer, papules, nodules
Skin involvement leaves scar
Page 55
AMOEBIASIS
CAUSE : Entamoeba histolyca
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Cyst in region of macula with associated
small retina haemorrhagic and disturbance
of retinal pigmen epitelium
Page 56
GIARDIASIS
CAUSED : Giardia lamblia
EYE COMPLICATIONS
anterior and posterior uveitis
iridocyclitis, choroiditis
retina dan subretinal haemorrhage
macular disturbance
MANAGEMENT
Systemic treatment
Page 57
AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS (SLEEPING SICKNESS)
CAUSE : Trypanosoma brucei gambiense &
t b rhodesiense
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Eyelid oedema, conjunctival redness,
Photosensitivity, interstitial keratitis, iridocyclitis
Meningoencephalopathy ( ptosis, optic neuritis,
papiloedema, extraocular mucle involvement )
Page 58
AMERICAN TRYPANOMIASIS (CHAGAS DISEASE)
CAUSED : T cruzi ( insect bite )
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Eyelid oedem, unilateral ( romanas sign )
Lacrimal gland involvement (inflammation)
Granulomatous uveitis (in a premature child)
MANAGEMENT
Depends on eye complication
Page 59
MALARIA
CAUSED : PLASMODIUM FALCIFARUM, VIVAX
OVALE AND MALARIAE
EYE COMPLICATION
RETINAL HAEMORRHAGIC / EXUDATE
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE PARESE, OPTIC NEURITIS,
CORTICAL BLINDNESS (DUE TO BRAIN DAMAGE)
CHLOROQUIN EFFECT ( DAMAGE CENTRAL RETINA)
BULLS EYE MACULOPATHY.
TREATMENT : MALARIA TREATMENT
Page 60
PNEUMOCYSTOSIS
CAUSE : Pneumocystis carinii currently categorized
as fungus (previously a protozoa)
EYE COMPLICATION
Cotton- wool spot (fluffy whitish foci in the retina)
Choroiditis
MANAGEMENT
Systemic treatment with trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine
Page 61
DISEASES CAUSED
BY NEMATODES
Page 62
ONCHOCERCIASIS
Caused by Onchocerca volvulus
Vectorsimulium blackfly (breeds in
rivers)
commonly known as river blindness
typically affects young men
Page 63
EYE COMPLICATIONS
bilateral involvement
microfilariae may be seen circulating in the
aqueous fluids
eye inflammations can affect both anterior
and posterior eye
Page 64
1. SNOWFLAKE AND
PUNCTATE KERATITIS
WHITE-GREY SPOTS IN THE
SUPERFICIAL CORNEA (INDICATE
DEAD MICROFILARIAE
RED EYE WITH PHOTOSENSITIVITY
AND WATERING
THERAPY : TOPICAL
CORTICOSTEROID
Page 65
2. SCLEROSING KERATITIS
ONE OF THE COMMON
INFLAMMATORY
FEATURESBLINDNESS
SCLEROSING KERATITISCORNEAL
OPACITYCORNEAL SCAR
NO SPESIFIC TREATMENT
Page 66
IRIDOCYCLITIS
REDUCED VISION
PUPIL DRAWN
DOWNACCUMULATED DEAD
MICROFILARIAE
CATARACT CAN OCCUR
THERAPY: TOPICAL MYDRIATIC AND
CYCLOPLEGIC AND CATARACT
REMOVAL
Page 67
OPTIC NEURITIS AND
CHOROIDORETINITIS
OPTIC NERVE ATROPHY (PALE AND
WHITE OPTIC )
CHOROIDORETINAL ATROPHY
NO TREATMENT
Page 68
THELAZIASIS
CAUSED : THELAZIA CALLIPAEDA (TRANSMISSION
BY FLIES)
EYE COMPLICATION
IRRITATION, WATERING, PAIN
THE WORM MAY BE SEEN IN CONJUNCTIVA SAC
MANAGEMENT
WORM PRESENT ON THE SURFACE CONJUNCTIVA
CAN BE REMOVED WITH LOCAL ANESTHESIA
Page 69
TOXOCARIASIS
CAUSE : Toxocara canis
EYE COMPLICATIONS
ocular larva migrans present eye problem
( squint / leukocoria )
intraretinal larva may be seen on funduscopy
keratitis, iridocyclitis, endophthalmitis
retinal detachment & optic neuritis
MANAGEMENTS
Eye inflamation topical corticosteroid
Depends on eye complication
Page 70
LOIASIS
CAUSED : FILARIAL HELMINTH LOA LOA
EYE COMPLICATION
PRESENT WORM UNDER CONJUNCTIVA
REDNESS, DISCOMFORT
EYELID OEDEM ( CALABAR SWELLING )
PRESENT WORM IN ANTERIOR CHAMBER
UVEITIS, RETINOPATHY
MANAGEMENT
SURGICAL REMOVAL
Page 71
BRANCROFTIAN AND BRUGIAN FILARIASIS
CAUSE : Wuchereria bancrofti
( transmitted by mosquito )
EYE COMPLICATIONS
pain, redness
adult worm isolated in conjunctiva
adult worm has been found at
subretinal, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland
larva can infiltrate to anterior chamber,
iris, lens, capsule, retina and choroid
MANAGEMENT : surgical
Page 72
DRANCUNCULIASIS
CAUSE : Dracunculus medinensis
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Irritable, watering eye, swelling of conjunctiva
Orbital involvement
Worm often emerge through the skin
MANAGEMENT
Remove worm surgically
Page 73
TRICHINOSIS
CAUSE : larvae of Trichinella spiralis
( uncooked meat : pork )
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Bilateral eyelid oedema, pain, blur
Photosensitivity
Retinal haemorrhages, optic neuritis / oedem
MANAGEMENTS
Systemic treatment
Topical cyclopegic. Topical corticosteroid
Sweling reduced with cold compresses
Page 74
GNATHOSTOMIASIS
CAUSED : Gnathostoma spinigerum
inflammation caused by larva
( hipersensitivity reaction with tissue )
EYE COMPLICATIONS
eyelid, anterior / intra ocular tissue
corneal ulcer, uveitis ( worm anterior )
worm in posterior segments ( cataract, glaucoma,
retina )
MANAGEMENT
Surgical removal of worm
Page 75
ANGIOSTRONGYLIASIS
CAUSE : Angiostrongylus cantonensis
EYE COMPLICATIONS
adult worm ( anterior chamber, vitreous,
retina )
pain, blepharospasme, iridocyclitis
retinal pigment disturbance /detachment
optic neuritis
MANAGEMENT
Surgical removal
Topical corticosteroid, topical atropine
Page 76
DISEASES CAUSED
BY CESTODES
Page 77
CYSTICERCOSIS
CAUSE : Taenia solium CYSTICERCI
EYE COMPLICATIONS
pain, double vision, blur, flash of light
cysticerci occur in anterior segment and
other eye tissue
found in posterior segment ( vitreous,
subretinal )
MANAGEMENT
Surgical removal
Systemic therapy
Page 78
ECHINOCOCCOSIS
CAUSE : Echinococcus granulosis
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Proptosis
Conjunctival chemosis, keratitis exposure
MANAGEMENT
Surgical removal of orbital cyst
Systemic therapy
Page 79
SPARGANOSIS
CAUSE : larva genus Spirometra
EYE COMPLICATIONS
Pain, eyelid oedem, watering, irritation
Worm found subconjunctivally / retrobulbar
Larva found at anterior chamber
MANAGEMENT
Surgical removal
Page 80
DISEASE CAUSED
BY TREMATODES
Page 81
PARAGONOMIASIS
CAUSE : genus Paragonimus
EYE COMPLICATION
Severe pain
Uveitis, vitreous and retinal haemorrhage
Immature worm caused anterior segment
inflammations with hypopion
MANAGEMENT
Removal of ocular worm
Page 82
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
CAUSE : S japonicum, S mansoni,
S haematobium (most frequent)
EYE COMPLICATION
Egg granulomas found on conjunctiva, choroid, lacrimal
gland
S mansoni adult has been found ant chamber
Uveitis, retinal haemorrhages
MANAGEMENT
Depends on eye complication
Page 83
DISEASE CAUSED
BY ARTHROPODS
Page 84
MYIASIS
LARVA MAY CAUSE OCULAR MYIASIS
EYE COMPLICATION
REDNESS WITH IRRITATION, DISCHARGE
UVEITIS
MANAGEMENT
REMOVAL SURGERY
TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROID (INTERNAL OCULAR
MYASIS)
Page 85
THANK YOU
Page 86
