A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HISTOGRAM
EQUALIZATION BASED TECHNIQUES FOR
CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT AND
BRIGHTNESS PRESERVING
N. Manasa
1602-16-744-103
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
The main principle of Image Enhancement is to
process an image so that the resultant image is
more suitable than the original image for a
specific application.
Methods For Image Enhancements
There are two methods in Image Enhancements.
They are:
a. Frequency Domain
b. Spatial Domain
Image Enhancement can be:
Subjective
Objective
Intensity And Value Of Intensity
Intensity: Intensity refers to the amount of light or the
numerical value of a pixel.
Value Of Intensity: A pixel (short for picture element) is a
small block that represents the amount of gray intensity to
be displayed for that particular portion of the image
Contrast Of An Image
Contrast is the difference in luminance or colour that
makes an object (or its representation in an image or
display) distinguishable. In visual perception of the real
world, contrast is determined by the difference in the
color and brightness of the object and other objects
within the same field of view
Contrast Enhancement Techniques
This is a popular technique. In this, the contrast of the
image is improved so as to get the clear picture to human
vision.
Techniques are classified into two techniques:
Global Enhancement Technique
Local Enhancement Technique
Global Enhancement Technique
It is not adapt to local brightness features of input image.
Local Enhancement Techniques
This can enhance overall contrast more effectively.
HISTOGRAM EQUALIZATION
Histogram equalization is a method in image processing
of contrast adjustment using the image's histogram.
a. Histogram equalization is a technique for adjusting
image intensities to enhance contrast. Let f be a
given image represented as a rows by columns
matrix of integer pixel intensities ranging. from 0 to
L 1. L is the number of possible intensity values,
often 256.
HISTOGRAM METHODS
Histogram normalization is one of the methods for
enhancing the contrast of images.
HISTOGRAM OF A IMAGE
An image histogram is a type of histogram that acts as a
graphical representation of the tonal distribution in a
digital image. It plots the number of pixels for each tonal
value.
Histogram Equalization Techniques
Various enhancement schemes are used for enhancing an
image which includes gray scale manipulation, filtering
and Histogram Equalization (HE). Histogram equalization
is one of the well known image enhancement became a
popular technique for contrast enhancement because this
method is simple and effective.
The General Histogram Equalization Technique is derived as the:
where cdfmin is the minimum non-zero value of the cumulative
distribution function (in this case 1), M N gives the image's number
of pixels (for the example above 64, where M is width and N the
height) and L is the number of grey levels used (in most cases, like
this one, 256).
Histogram Equalization
It is used to enhance the contrast of the colour image. For
improving the contrast of the image following are the histogram
based techniques:
A. Classical Histogram Equalization (CHE)
B. Contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE)
CLASSICAL HISTOGRAM
EQUALIZATION
Classical Histogram produces an equalized image with its fatten
histogram. Histogram Equalization is used to enhance the contrast
of the image. Histogram Equalization is the simple method for
enhancing the contrast of image.
ADAPTIVE HISTOGRAM
EQUALIZATION
It improves Local Contrast of image and more details are
observed.
The method which is involved in this:
In AHE method, for each pixel in the input image, a
region centered about a pixel is assigned. This region is
called contextual region
The intensities values for this region are used to find
the histogram equalization mapping function.
The resultant image is produced where each pixel is
mapped differently.
In its simplest form, each pixel is transformed based on
the histogram of a square surrounding the pixel.The
derivation of the transformation functions from the
histograms is exactly the same as for ordinary histogram
equalization.
Adaptive Histogram Equalization is also use to enhance the images
contrast.
So the output of the adaptive histogram is same as the specified
histogram. The drawback of this method is that it cannot regain the
brightness as the input image. So to overcome on this drawback we
use advance version of adaptive histogram equalization i.e. Contrast
Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization.
Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram
Equalization
In CLAHE, the input image is partitioned into many
non-overlapping regions that have almost equal sizes
and HE is applied to each of this region.
The obtained histograms for each region are clipped by
a clip limit that is based on the desired contrast
expansion and the size of the neighbourhood region.
For each clipped histogram, a transformation function
is obtained that performs gray scale mapping.
Steps Involved:
Example considering the image
The image is partitioned into equally sized rectangular tiles as
shown in the right part (64 tiles in 8 columns and 8 rows)
Calculating The Entropy Of Image
Entropy as the Shannon entropy which contains the maximum
information. It is use to measure the quality of image. Images which
have maximum entropy have Ent(p) = p(l)log l
Where,
Ent = entropy of the image.
P(l) = probability density function at intensity level l.
L = total no of gray level.
the better quality of the image.
Simulation Results
CONCLUSION
Images can be enhanced locally, i.e. much better contrast
enhancement is achieved in local areas also. Adaptive histogram
equalization (AHE), Contrast limited adaptive histogram
equalization (CLAHE).
Local enhancement techniques overcome this problem. AHE
improves the local contrast of an image but tends to increase the
noise level. CLAHE improves this by enhancing brightness to a
specific range and hence facilitates the comparison of different
areas of an image.
Thank You
