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Fiber Couplers & Connectors Guide

The document discusses fiber couplers and connectors. It covers topics like launching power into fibers, fiber-to-fiber coupling efficiency, fiber splicing, and types of fiber connectors. Fiber coupling efficiency depends on factors like the radiance of the light source, the numerical aperture of the fiber, and proper alignment between components. Low loss connections are achieved through fusion splicing or using specialized fiber optic connectors.

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Dr Ravi Kumar A V
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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47 views22 pages

Fiber Couplers & Connectors Guide

The document discusses fiber couplers and connectors. It covers topics like launching power into fibers, fiber-to-fiber coupling efficiency, fiber splicing, and types of fiber connectors. Fiber coupling efficiency depends on factors like the radiance of the light source, the numerical aperture of the fiber, and proper alignment between components. Low loss connections are achieved through fusion splicing or using specialized fiber optic connectors.

Uploaded by

Dr Ravi Kumar A V
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

FIBER  COUPLERS AND


CONNECTORS
Content

• Launching optical power into a fiber


• Fiber-to-Fiber coupling
• Fiber Splicing and connectors
Coupling Efficiency

power coupled into the fiber PF


  [5-1]

power emitted from the sourse Ps

Ps PF
Source Optical Fiber
Radiance (Brightness) of the source

• B= Optical power radiated from a unit area of the source into a


unit solid angle [watts/(square centimeter per stradian)]
Surface emitting LEDs have a Lambertian pattern:

B ( ,  )  B0 cos  [5-2]
Edge emitting LEDs and laser diodes radiation pattern

1 sin  cos 
2 2
  [5-3]

B( ,  ) B0 cos  B0 cos 


T L

For edge emitting LEDs, L=1


Power Coupled from source to the fiber

As and  s : area and solid emission angle of the source


 
PF     B ( As ,  s )d s dAs 
A f and  f : area and Af 
 f  [5-4]
solid acceptance angle of fiber rm 2
 2  0 max 
      B ( ,  ) sin dd  d s rdr
0 0 0 0 
Power coupled from LED to the Fiber
rs 2
  0 max

P  2B0 cos sin d d s rdr
0  0 
0  
rs 2
 B0    0 max d s rdr
sin 2

0 0
rs 2 2

 B0   NA d s rdr
0 0

2 2 2
PLED,step   rs B0 ( NA)  2 rs B0 n1 
2 2 2
[5-5]
Power coupling from LED to step-index fiber

• Total optical power from LED:

2  / 2
Ps  As 
0 0
B( ,  ) sin dd

 /2
Ps  rs 2B0     
2 2
cos sin d  2
rs B0 [5-6]
0

 Ps ( NA ) 2 if rs  a 
 
PLED,step   a  2  [5-7]

  s  P ( NA ) 2
if rs  a 
 rs  
Equilibrium Numerical Aperture
Examples of possible lensing schemes used to improve optical source-to-fiber coupling
efficiency
Laser diode to Fiber Coupling
Fiber-to-Fiber Joint

• Fiber-to-Fiber coupling loss:

LF [dB]  10 log  F [5-8]

• Low loss fiber-fiber joints are either:


1- Splice (permanent bond)
2- Connector (demountable connection)
Different modal distribution of the optical beam emerging from a fiber lead to different degrees of
coupling loss. a) when all modes are equally excited, the output beam fills the entire output NA. b)
for a steady state modal distribution, only the equilibrium NA is filled by the output beam.
Mechanical misalignment losses

Lateral (axial) misalignment loss is a dominant


Mechanical loss.

1/ 2
d   d  
2
Acomm 2 d
 F ,step   arccos  1     [5-9]
a 2
 2a a   2a  
Longitudinal offset effect

Losses due to differences in the geometry and waveguide characteristics


of the fibers
aR
LF (a )  10 log( ) for a R  a E
aE [5-10]
NA R
LF (a )  20 log( ) for NA R  NA E
NA E
E & R subscripts refer to emitting and receiving fibers.
Experimental comparison of Loss as a function
of mechanical misalignment
Fiber end face

Fiber end defects


Fiber splicing

Fusion Splicing
V-groove optical fiber splicing
Optical Fiber Connectors
• Some of the principal requirements of a good connector design are as
follows:
1- low coupling losses
2- Interchangeability
3- Ease of assembly
4- Low environmental sensitivity
5- Low-cost and reliable construction
6- Ease of connection
Connector Return Loss

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