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A Capacitor Does Not Like To Change Its Voltage Instantaneously. A Wire Has High Capacitance To Its Neighbor

The document discusses crosstalk, which is capacitive coupling between wires that can cause unwanted switching as one wire's signal propagates to a neighboring wire, and describes techniques to mitigate crosstalk like increasing spacing between wires. It also covers hazards and glitches that can occur when different signal paths have different delays, potentially causing unstable or unwanted switching at outputs, and common solutions like adding buffers to ensure signals are stable or designing circuits to be hazard-free.

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Abhimanyu Yadav
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17 views6 pages

A Capacitor Does Not Like To Change Its Voltage Instantaneously. A Wire Has High Capacitance To Its Neighbor

The document discusses crosstalk, which is capacitive coupling between wires that can cause unwanted switching as one wire's signal propagates to a neighboring wire, and describes techniques to mitigate crosstalk like increasing spacing between wires. It also covers hazards and glitches that can occur when different signal paths have different delays, potentially causing unstable or unwanted switching at outputs, and common solutions like adding buffers to ensure signals are stable or designing circuits to be hazard-free.

Uploaded by

Abhimanyu Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Crosstalk: Effects and Mitigation Techniques

A capacitor does not like to change its voltage


instantaneously.
A wire has high capacitance to its neighbor.
When the neighbor switches from 1-> 0 or 0->1,
the wire tends to switch too.
Called capacitive coupling or crosstalk.
Crosstalk effects
Noise on nonswitching wires
Increased delay on switching wires
Mitigation

Increase spacing to adjacent interconnects


Different switching times for neighbouring interconnects
Shield interconnects on one or both sides so as to avoid
direct coupling with the immediate neighbouring
interconnects and thus prevent crosstalk noise
interconnects with staggered repeaters (inverters)
Hazards/Glitches
Hazards/glitches:
Unwanted switching at the outputs

Occur when different paths through circuit have different propagation delays
As in pulse shaping circuits we just analyzed

Dangerous if logic causes an action while output is unstable


May need to guarantee absence of glitches

Usual solutions
1) Wait until signals are stable (by using a clock): preferable (easiest to design when
there is a clock synchronous design)

2) Design hazard-free circuits: sometimes necessary (clock not used asynchronous


design)
Types of Hazards
Static 1-hazard
Input change causes output to go from 1 to 0 to 1

Static 0-hazard
Input change causes output to go from 0 to 1 to 0

Dynamic hazards
Input change causes a double change
from 0 to 1 to 0 to 1 OR from 1 to 0 to 1 to 0
Static Hazards

Due to a literal and its complement momentarily taking on the same value
Thru different paths with different delays and reconverging

May cause an output that should have stayed at the same value to
momentarily take on the wrong value
Example:
Dynamic Hazards

Due to the same versions of a literal taking on opposite values


Thru different paths with different delays and reconverging

May cause an output that was to change value to change 3 times


instead of once.
Example:

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