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Artificial Intelligence: Prepared by G.V.S. Ananth Nath Department of Cse

This document provides an overview of the key topics in artificial intelligence, including knowledge representation, problem solving, planning, learning, communicating, uncertainty, intelligent agents, robotics, and AI languages. It also discusses the CS 420 artificial intelligence course at UWEC, which covers these AI topics and may include projects involving neural networks, intelligent agents, expert systems, or sumo robots.

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lakshmigsr6610
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71 views

Artificial Intelligence: Prepared by G.V.S. Ananth Nath Department of Cse

This document provides an overview of the key topics in artificial intelligence, including knowledge representation, problem solving, planning, learning, communicating, uncertainty, intelligent agents, robotics, and AI languages. It also discusses the CS 420 artificial intelligence course at UWEC, which covers these AI topics and may include projects involving neural networks, intelligent agents, expert systems, or sumo robots.

Uploaded by

lakshmigsr6610
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Artificial Intelligence

Prepared by
G.V.S. ANANTH NATH
DEPARTMENT OF CSE
Messages

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an


interesting sub-field of computer
science that provides many
contributions to the overall field
 CS 420, as the AI course at UWEC, is a
good opportunity to begin to explore
these issues
Outline
 Overview
 AI Topics
– Knowledge representation
– Problem solving and search space manipulation
– Planning
– Learning
– Communicating
– Uncertainty
– Intelligent agents
– Robotics
 AI Languages
 MICS Robot Contest Video
Overview of Artificial
Intelligence
 Definitions – four Systems Systems
major combinations that think that think
– Based on thinking like rationally
or acting humans
– Based on activity
like humans or Systems Systems
performed in that act that act
rational way like rationally
humans
AI Definitions

 Acting Humanly
– Turing Test – computer passes test if a
human interrogator asking written
questions can distinguish written answers
from computer or human
– Computer needs:
 Natural language processing
 Knowledge representation
 Automated reasoning
 Machine learning
AI Definitions (2)

– Total Turing Test – includes video


component (to test subject’s perceptual
abilities) and opportunity to pass physical
objects to subject
– Computer also needs:
 Computer vision
 Robotics
AI Definitions (3)

 Thinking Humanly
– Cognitive Modeling approach to AI
– Involves crossover between computer
science and psychology – cognitive
science
– Areas of interest
 Cognitive models
 Neural networks
AI Definitions (4)

 Thinking Rationally
– “Laws of thought” approach to AI
– Goal: solve any problem based on logical
manipulation
– Problems
 Difficult to represent certain types of knowledge (e.g.
common sense, informal knowledge)
 Difference between solving problems in principle and in
practice
– E.g. computational limits
AI Definitions (4)

 Acting Rationally
– “Design a rational agent” approach to AI
– Advantages over logic approach
 Logic is only one tool or many that can be
used to design rational agent
 Scientific advances can provide more tools for
developing better agents
Knowledge
Representation
 How to represent information?
 Generally, we use some sort of tree, grid or
network
 Options
– OO programming languages: classes/objects
– Relational database system:
tables/rows/columns
 Problem
– The world is more varied, with many types of
things to represent
Knowledge
Representation (2)
 Abstract Objects
– Sets
– Sentences
– Measurements
 Times
 Weights
 Generalized Events
– Intervals
– Places
– Physical Objects
– Processes
Knowledge
Representation (3)
 Some things are very difficult to represent
– Common sense
 See http://www.cyc.com/
– Combinations of multiple types
 Issues of:
– Type
– Scale
– Granularity
– Combination
 Other Questions
– How to distinguish knowledge and belief?
– What is the best way to reason with this information?
Problem Solving and Search
Space Manipulation
 Many Algorithmic Approaches to
Problem Solving
– Depth-First Search
– Breadth-First Search
 Variations
– Depth-Limited Search
– Iterative Deepening Depth-First Search
– Bi-directional Search
Problem Solving and Search
Space Manipulation (2)
 Smarter Search
– Greedy best-first search
– A* search (combine costs of path so far
plus path from current node to goal)
– Memory-bounded heuristic search
 Heuristic – means of estimating a
measurement such as cost of search
Problem Solving and Search
Space Manipulation (3)
 Issues
– Avoiding repeated search
– Searching with partial information
Problem Solving and Search
Space Manipulation (4)
 Adversarial Search
– E.g. games and game trees
– Minimax algorithm
– Alpha-Beta pruning
Problem Solving and Search
Space Manipulation (5)
 Applications of Problem Solving
– Expert Systems
 Approximating the functionality of an absent
human expert
– Robotics
 Encountering unexpected obstacles
Planning
 Many types of
problems
– “Blocks world”
– Getting yourself from
Eau Claire to the AAAI
conference in Boston
– Changing a flat tire
– Completing all of your
projects at the end of
the semester
– Developing a large
software application
Planning (2)

 Approaches
– State-based search
– Partial-order planning
– Planning graphs
 Issues
– Time
– Scheduling
– Resources
Learning

 Definition - Building on current knowledge


by using experience to improve a system
 Various approaches
– Supervised/unsupervised/reinforcement
 Forms of learning algorithms
– Inductive logic
 Example: given a set of point, approximate a line
– Decision tree (set of questions, act differently
depending on answer)
Learning (2)

 Issues
– Computational Learning Theory
 Intersection of theoretical CS, AI, statistics
– How many examples do you need?
Communicating
 Major issue - Natural language processing
– Many issues
 Syntax
 Semantics
 Context
– Steps
 Perception
 Parsing
 Analysis
 Disambiguation
 Incorporation
Uncertainty
 Much knowledge is not absolute
– Boundary between knowledge and belief is gray
 Techniques for dealing with uncertainty
– Probabilistic reasoning
– Probabilistic reasoning over time
– Fuzzy sets / fuzzy logic
– Simple decision-making (evaluating utility)
– Complex decision-making (taking ability to reevaluate into
account)
 Applications
– Expert systems
Intelligent Agents

 Everything we’ve talked about can be


viewed in terms of embedding
intelligence within an agent
– Software system
– Machine with embedded software
– Robot
Intelligent Agents (2)

 Issues for agents


– Limitations on memory
– Perceiving its environment
– Working with other agents
– Affecting its environment (through actuators)
 Processes
– Simple – based on rules
– Complex – based on multiple pieces of logic,
dealing with uncertainty
Robotics
 Field encompassing elements of computer
science/AI, engineering, physical systems
 Issues
– Many that we’ve discussed, plus:
– Perception
– Actuation
 Recent successes
– Worker bots (e.g. floor cleaners)
– Intelligent navigation (DARPA vehicle contest)
 Test environments
– Lego Mindstorms
– Other robot packages or custom systems
AI Languages
 Scheme / LISP
– Functional
– Simple knowledge representation (list)
– Easy to apply functionality to represented elements
 Prolog
– Logic-based
– Facts and rules easily represented
– Built-in search engine
 Specialized languages
– Rule languages (e.g. CLIPS)
– Planning languages (e.g. STRIPS)
CS 420

 Spring semester, about every other


year
 Will be offered Spring 2007
 Prerequisite: CS 330 (to get Scheme
and Prolog background)
 Topics
– All of the above!
CS 420 (2)

 Possible Projects
– Neural network to simulate decision
making, natural language processing
– Software development planning through
cooperating intelligent agents
– Expert system for deciding which courses
to take to complete a CS major
– Sumo robots?
MICS Robot Contest
Video
 http://video.google.com/videoplay?doc
id=7851913746457357108&hl=en

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