Java.

awt PACKAGE
 The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) contains
numerous classes and methods that allow you to
create and manage windows

 The AWT classes are contained in the java.awt

package.

 This package helps you to create different types of

windows and other GUI components that can be
placed on the windows.
 AWT CONTROLS
 Controls are components that allow a user to
interact with your application in various ways
 The AWT supports the following types of controls:
 Labels
 Push buttons
 Check boxes
 Choice lists
 Lists
 Scroll bars
 Text editing
 These controls are subclasses of Component
Component class hierarcy
 WINDOWS FUNDAMENTALS
• Buttons, labels, textfields, and other components cannot be
placed directly on the screen

• They need to be placed in a container window that is placed

directly on the screen

• The two most common windows are:

 derived from Panel, which is used by applets,

 derived from Frame, which creates a standard window
 WINDOWS FUNDAMENTALS
 Panel is a window that does not contain a title
bar, menu bar, or border.

 When you run an applet using an applet viewer,

the applet viewer provides the title and border.

 Frame is a subclass of Window and has a title

bar, menu bar, borders, and resizing corners.
Used to create stand-alone GUI applications
Container Class Hierarchy
 Working with Frame Windows
• It used to create child windows within applets, and top-
level or child windows for applications.

CONSTRUCTORS:
• Frame( )
• Frame(String title) // title of the window

METHODS:
• void setSize(int Width, int Height)
• void setVisible(boolean visibleFlag)
• void setTitle (String newTitle)
 FRAMES
When working with Frame objects, there are basically three
steps involved to get a Frame window to appear on the
screen:

1. Instantiate the Frame object

2. Give the Frame object a size using setSize()
3. Make the Frame appear on the screen by invoking
setVisible(true).
 ADDING & REMOVING CONTROLS
• To include a control in a window, you must add it to the
window.

• First create an instance of the desired control and then

add it to a window by calling add( ), which is defined
by Container.

Component add(Component c)

• To remove a control from a window:

void remove(Component obj)

void removeall()
 RESPONDING TO CONTROLS
• Except for labels, which are passive controls, all
controls generate events when they are accessed by
the user.

• In general, your program simply implements the

appropriate interface and then registers an event
listener for each control that you need to monitor.

• Once a listener has been registered, events are

automatically sent to it
 LABELS
• A label is an object of type Label, and it contains a string,
which it displays.

• Labels are passive controls that do not support any

interaction with the user.

• Constructors:

Label( )
Label(String str)
Label(String str, int how)

• The value of how must be one of these three constants:

Label.LEFT, Label.RIGHT, or Label.CENTER.
 LABELS
Methods:

void setText(String str)

String getText()

void setAlignment(int how)

int getAlignment()
import java.awt.*; LABELS
class LabelDemo extends Frame
{
LabelDemo()
{
super("LabelDemo");
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
setSize(200,200);
Label one = new Label("One");
Label two = new Label("Two");
Label three = new Label("Three");
add(one);
add(two);
add(three);
setVisible(true);
}
}
class Labl LABELS
{

public static void main (String args[])

{

LabelDemo l1=new LabelDemo();

}
}
LABELS
 BUTTONS
• It is the most widely used control that contains a label and
that generates an event when it is pressed

CONSTRUCTORS
Button( )
Button(String str)

METHODS
void setLabel(String str)
String getLabel( )
 BUTTONS
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="ButtonDemo" width=250 height=150>
</applet>
*/
public class ButtonDemo extends Applet implements ActionListener {
String msg = "";
Button yes, no, maybe;
public void init() {
yes = new Button("Yes");
no = new Button("No");
maybe = new Button("Undecided");
add(yes);
add(no);
add(maybe);
 BUTTONS
yes.addActionListener(this);
no.addActionListener(this);
maybe.addActionListener(this);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{
String str = ae.getActionCommand();
if(str.equals("Yes")) {
msg = "You pressed Yes.";
}
else if(str.equals("No")) {
msg = "You pressed No.";
}
else {
msg = "You pressed Undecided.";
}
repaint();
}
 BUTTONS
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString(msg, 6, 100);
}
}
 CHECK BOXES
• A check box is a control that is used to turn an option on or
off.

• It consists of a small box that can either contain a check

mark or not. There is a label associated with each check
box

• CONSTRUCTORS

Checkbox( )
Checkbox(String str)
Checkbox(String str, boolean on)
Checkbox(String str, boolean on, CheckboxGroup cbGroup)
 CHECK BOXES
METHODS

boolean getState( )
void setState(boolean on)
String getLabel( )
void setLabel(String str)
 CHECK BOXES:EXAMPLE
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
/*<applet code="CheckBoxDemo" width=250 height=300>
</applet>
*/
public class CheckBoxDemo extends Applet implements ItemListener
{
String msg = "";
Checkbox Win98, winNT, Win7;
public void init() {
Win98 = new Checkbox("Windows 98/XP", null, true);
winNT = new Checkbox("Windows NT/2000");
Win7 = new Checkbox("Windows 7");
add(Win98);
add(winNT);
add(Win7);
 CHECK BOXES:EXAMPLE
Win98.addItemListener(this);
winNT.addItemListener(this);
Win7.addItemListener(this);
} //end of init()
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) {
repaint();
}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
msg = "Current state: ";
g.drawString(msg, 6, 80);
msg = " Windows 98/XP: " + Win98.getState();
g.drawString(msg, 6, 100);
msg = " Windows NT/2000: " + winNT.getState();
g.drawString(msg, 6, 120);
msg = " Windows 7: " + Win7.getState();
g.drawString(msg, 6, 140);
} //end of paint()
}
CHECK BOXES
 CHECK BOX GROUP
• It is possible to create a set of mutually exclusive check boxes in
which one and only one check box in the group can be checked at
any one time.

• These check boxes are often called radio buttons

• Check box groups are objects of type CheckboxGroup

CONSTRUCTOR

CheckboxGroup()

METHODS

Checkbox getSelectedCheckbox( )
void setSelectedCheckbox(Checkbox which)
 CHECK BOX GROUP: EXAMPLE
public class CBGroup extends Applet implements ItemListener
{
String msg = "";
Checkbox Win98, winNT, Win7;
CheckboxGroup cbg;
public void init() {
cbg = new CheckboxGroup();
Win98 = new Checkbox("Windows 98/XP", cbg, true);
winNT = new Checkbox("Windows NT/2000",cbg,false);
Win7 = new Checkbox("Windows 7",cbg,true);
add(Win98);
add(winNT);
add(Win7);
Win98.addItemListener(this);
winNT.addItemListener(this);
Win7.addItemListener(this);
} //end of init()
 CHECK BOX GROUP: EXAMPLE
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) {
repaint();
}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
msg = "Current selection: ";
msg += cbg.getSelectedCheckbox().getLabel();
g.drawString(msg, 6, 100);
}
}
CHECK BOX GROUP: EXAMPLE
 LIST
• The List class provides a compact, multiple-choice,
scrolling selection list.

• It can also be created to allow multiple selections.

CONSTRUCTORS

 List( ) //(default one row visibility)

 List(int numRows) //(visible rows)
 List(int numRows, boolean multipleSelect)

• To add a selection to the list, call add( ).

 void add(String name)
 void add(String name, int index)
 LIST
METHODS

• String getSelectedItem( )
• int getSelectedIndex( )
• int getItemCount( )
• void select(int index)
• String getItem(int index)

Each time a List item is double-clicked, an ActionEvent object is

generated.

Also, each time an item is selected or deselected with a single click,

an ItemEvent object is generated
 LIST:EXAMPLE
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="ListDemo" width=300 height=180>
</applet>
*/
public class ListDemo extends Applet implements ActionListener
{
List os, browser;
String msg = "";
public void init()
{
os = new List(4, true);
browser = new List(4, false);
os.add("Windows 98/XP");
os.add("Windows NT/2000");
os.add("Solaris");
os.add("MacOS");
 LIST:EXAMPLE
// add items to browser list
browser.add("Netscape 3.x");
browser.add("Netscape 4.x");
browser.add("Netscape 5.x");
browser.add("Netscape 6.x");
browser.add("Internet Explorer 4.0");
browser.add("Internet Explorer 5.0");
browser.add("Internet Explorer 6.0");
browser.select(1);
// add lists to window
add(os);
add(browser);
// register to receive action events
os.addActionListener(this);
browser.addActionListener(this);
}
 LIST:EXAMPLE
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{
repaint();
}
// Display current selections.
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
int idx[];
msg = "Current OS: ";
idx = os.getSelectedIndexes();
for(int i=0; i<idx.length; i++)
msg += os.getItem(idx[i]) + " ";
g.drawString(msg, 6, 120);
msg = "Current Browser: ";
msg += browser.getSelectedItem();
g.drawString(msg, 6, 140);
}
}
LIST: EXAMPLE
 TEXTFIELD
• TextField is a subclass of TextComponent. It displays
a single line of optionally editable text.

CONSTRUCTORS

 TextField( )
 TextField(int numChars) //(width)
 TextField(String str)
 TextField(String str, int numChars)
 TEXTFIELD
METHODS
String getText( )
void setText(String str)
String getSelectedText( )
void select(int startIndex, int endIndex)
boolean isEditable( )
void setEditable(boolean canEdit)

• When cursor is inside textfield and the user presses

ENTER, an ActionEvent object is generated.

• When characters are entered by a user or program in the

text fields, TextEvent object is generated
 TEXT FIELD:Example
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="TextFieldDemo" width=300 height=180>
</applet>
*/
public class TextFieldDemo extends Applet implements TextListener
{
TextField name, pass;
public void init()
{
Label namep = new Label("Name: ", Label.RIGHT);
Label passp = new Label("Password: ", Label.RIGHT);
name = new TextField(12);
pass = new TextField(8);
pass.setEchoChar('?');
add(namep);
 TEXT FIELD:Example
add(name);
add(passp);
add(pass);
name.addTextListener(this);
pass.addTextListener(this);
}
public void textValueChanged(TextEvent ae) {
repaint();
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString("Name: " + name.getText(), 6, 60);
g.drawString("Selected text in name: "
+ name.getSelectedText(), 6, 80);
g.drawString("Password: " + pass.getText(), 6, 100);
}
}
TEXT FIELD:Example
 TEXTAREA
• TextArea is simple multiline editor

CONSTRUCTORS
 TextArea( )
 TextArea(int numLines, int numChars)
 TextArea(String str)
 TextArea(String str, int numLines, int numChars)
 TextArea(String str, int numLines, int numChars, int sBars)

SBAR VALUES:

• SCROLLBARS_BOTH
• SCROLLBARS_NONE
• SCROLLBARS_HORIZONTAL_ONLY
• SCROLLBARS_VERTICAL_ONLY
 TEXTAREA
METHODS

 void append(String str)

 void insert(String str, int index)
 void replaceRange(String str, int startIndex, int endIndex)

EXAMPLE
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="TextAreaDemo" width=500 height=350>
</applet>
*/
 TEXTAREA
public class TextAreaDemo extends Applet {
public void init()
{
String val = "There are two ways of constructing " +
"a software design.\n" +
"One way is to make it so simple\n" +
"that there are obviously no deficiencies.\n" +
"And the other way is to make it so complicated\n" +
"that there are no obvious deficiencies.\n\n" +
" -C.A.R. Hoare\n\n" +
"There's an old story about the person who wished\n" +
"his computer were as easy to use as his telephone.\n" +
"That wish has come true,\n" +
"since I no longer know how to use my telephone.\n\n" +
" -Bjarne Stroustrup, AT&T, (inventor of C++)";
TextArea text = new TextArea(val, 10,
25,TextArea.SCROLLBARS_BOTH);
add(text);
}
}
TEXTAREA
 Menu Bars and Menu
• Menu is a common feature in many programs which allows the
program to fit many commands in a hierarchical structure
without taking much space on the screen

• This concept is implemented using the classes MenuBar,

Menu, and MenuItem.

• A menu bar contains one or more Menu objects.

• Each Menu object contains a list of MenuItem objects.

• Each MenuItem object represents something that can be

selected by the user.
 MENU AND MENU ITEM
CONSTRUCTORS- MENUBAR

• MenuBar( )

CONSTRUCTORS- MENU
 Menu( )
 Menu(String optionName) // name of menu
 Menu(String optionName, boolean removable)

CONSTRUCTORS- MENU ITEM

 MenuItem( )
 MenuItem(String itemName)
 MenuItem(String itemName, MenuShortcut keyAccel)
 Menu Bars and Menu
METHODS:

 void setEnabled(boolean enabledFlag)

 boolean isEnabled( )
 void setLabel(String newName)
 String getLabel( )
 EXAMPLE:
import java.awt.*;
class MenuFrame extends Frame {
String msg = "";
CheckboxMenuItem debug, test;
MenuFrame(String title) {
super(title);
// create menu bar and add it to frame
MenuBar mbar = new MenuBar();
setMenuBar(mbar);
Menu edit = new Menu("Edit");
MenuItem item6, item7, item8, item9;
CheckboxMenuItem debug,test;
edit.add(item6 = new MenuItem("Cut"));
edit.add(item7 = new MenuItem("Copy"));
edit.add(item8 = new MenuItem("Paste"));
edit.add(item9 = new MenuItem("-"));
 EXAMPLE:
Menu sub = new Menu("Special");
MenuItem item10, item11, item12;
sub.add(item10 = new MenuItem("First"));
sub.add(item11 = new MenuItem("Second"));
sub.add(item12 = new MenuItem("Third"));
edit.add(sub);
// these are checkable menu items
debug = new CheckboxMenuItem("Debug");
edit.add(debug);
test = new CheckboxMenuItem("Testing");
edit.add(test);
mbar.add(edit);
}
}
EXAMPLE:
public class MenuBarDemo {
public static void main (String args[])
{
Frame f;
f = new MenuFrame("Menu Demo");
f.setSize(200,200);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
 Checkable menu item
Checkable menu item can be created by using a subclass
of MenuItem called CheckboxMenuItem.

CONSTRUCTORS:
• CheckboxMenuItem( )
• CheckboxMenuItem(String itemName)
• CheckboxMenuItem(String itemName, boolean on)

METHODS:

 boolean getState( )
 void setState(boolean checked)
 EVENT HANDLING WITH MENUS
 Menus only generate events when an item of type MenuItem
or CheckboxMenuItem is selected.

 Each time a menu item is selected, an ActionEvent object is

generated.

 Each time a check box menu item is checked or unchecked,

an ItemEvent object is generated.

 You must implement the ActionListener and ItemListener

interfaces in order to handle these menu events.

 The getItem() method of ItemEvent returns a reference to the

item that generated this event.
 ADAPTER CLASSES
 Java provides a special feature, called an adapter class,
that can simplify the creation of event handlers in certain
situations.

 An adapter class provides an empty implementation of all

methods in an event listener interface.

 Adapter classes are useful when you want to receive

and process only some of the events that are handled by
a particular event listener interface.

 Define a new class to act as an event listener by

extending one of the adapter classes and implementing
only those events in which you are interested.
Commonly Used Adapter Classes
 ADAPTER :EXAMPLE
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*<applet code="AdapterMouseDemo" width=300 height=300>
</applet>*/
public class AdapterMouseDemo extends Applet {
String s="Hello from Java";
public void init()
{ addMouseListener(new MyMouseAdapter(this));
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{ g.drawString(s,60,100);
}
}
 ADAPTER :EXAMPLE
class MyMouseAdapter extends MouseAdapter {

AdapterMouseDemo adapterDemo;

public MyMouseAdapter(AdapterMouseDemo ad)

{
adapterDemo = ad;
}
// Handle mouse clicked.
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me)
{
adapterDemo.s="Mouse Clicked";
adapterDemo.repaint();
}
}
ADAPTER :EXAMPLE
 LAYOUT MANAGER
• AWT comes with several Layout Managers which
automatically arranges your controls within a
window by using some type of algorithm.

• All of the components that we have shown so far

have been positioned by the default layout
manager.

• The layout manager is set by the setLayout()

method. If no call to setLayout() is made, then the
default layout manager is used.
 LAYOUT MANAGER
• Java has several predefined LayoutManager classes

• The Layout managers available are:

• FlowLayout

• BorderLayout

• GridLayout

• CardLayout
 FLOWLAYOUT
• FlowLayout is the default layout manager.

• FlowLayout implements a simple layout style, which is similar to

how words flow in a text editor

CONSTRUCTORS
 FlowLayout( )
 FlowLayout(int how )
 FlowLayout(int how , int horz , int vert )

how can take values FlowLayout.LEFT,FlowLayout.CENTER

and FlowLayout.RIGHT
 FLOWLAYOUT
• Components are given their preferred size.

• The order in which the components are added determines their

order in the container. The first component added appears to
the left, and subsequent components flow in from the right.

• If the container is not wide enough to display all of the

components, the components wrap around to a new line.

• You can control whether the components are centered, left-

justified, or right-justified.

• You can control the vertical and horizontal gap between

components
 FLOWLAYOUT
public void init() {
// set left-aligned flow layout
setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT));
---------
----------
}
 BORDERLAYOUT
• The BorderLayout class implements a common layout style for
top-level windows.

• It has four narrow, fixed-width components at the edges and

one large area in the center.

• The four sides are referred to as north, south, east, and west.
The middle area is called the center.

• Only one component can be added to a given region, and the

size of the component is determined by the region it appears in.

CONSTRCUTORS
 BorderLayout( )
 BorderLayout(int horz , int vert )
 BORDERLAYOUT
 When a component is added, you pass in an int to the add()
method that denotes the region of the container in which the
component is to be added

 A component added to the north or south gets its preferred

height, but its width will be the width of the container.

 A component added to the east or west will get its preferred

width, but its height will be the height of the container minus any
components in the north or south.

 A component added to the center gets neither its preferred

height nor width, but instead will be the size of the remaining
space not filled by components in the other four regions.
 BORDERLAYOUT
import java.awt.*;
public class BorderLayoutDemo extends Frame
{
private Button north, south, east, west, center;
public BorderLayoutDemo(String title)
{
super("BorderLayout demo");
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
setSize(500,500);
north = new Button("North");
south = new Button("South");
east = new Button("East");
west = new Button("West");
center = new Button("Center");
 BORDERLAYOUT
this.add(north, BorderLayout.NORTH);
this.add(south, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
this.add(east, BorderLayout.EAST);
this.add(west, BorderLayout.WEST);
this.add(center, BorderLayout.CENTER);
}
public static void main(String [] args)
{
Frame f = new BorderLayoutDemo("BorderLayout demo");
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
BORDERLAYOUT
 GridLayout
• GridLayout lays out components in a two- dimensional grid.

• When you instantiate a GridLayout, you define the number of

rows and columns.

CONSTRUCTORS
 GridLayout( )
 GridLayout(int numRows, int numColumns )
 GridLayout(int numRows, int numColumns , int
horz , int vert )
 GridLayout
 Only one component can be added to each region of the
grid.

 Each region of the grid will have the same size. When
the container is resized, each region of the grid will be
resized accordingly.

 No components get their preferred height or width. Each

component in the container is the same size, which is
the current size of the regions of the grid.

 The order in which components are added determines

their locations in the grid.
 GridLayout:EXAMPLE
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="GridLayoutDemo" width=300 height=200>
</applet>
*/
public class GridLayoutDemo extends Applet {
static final int n = 4;
public void init() {
setLayout(new GridLayout(n, n));
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
int k = i * n + j;
if(k > 0)
add(new Button("" + k));
}}
}}
GridLayout:EXAMPLE
 CardLayout
The CardLayout class is unique among the other layout
managers in that it stores several different layouts.

Each layout can be thought of as being on a separate index card

in a deck that can be shuffled so that any card is on top at a given
time.

This can be useful for user interfaces with optional components

that can be dynamically enabled and disabled upon user input.

CONSTRUCTORS
CardLayout( )
CardLayout(int horz , int vert )
 CardLayout
• The cards are typically held in an object of type Panel.

• This panel must have CardLayout selected as its layout

manager.

• The cards that form the deck are also typically objects of
type Panel.

• Thus, you must create a panel that contains the deck and
a panel for each card in the deck.
 CardLayout
• Next, you add to the appropriate panel the components
that form each card.

• You then add these panels to the panel for which

CardLayout is the layout manager.

• Finally, you add this panel to the main applet panel.

 CardLayout
 When card panels are added to a panel, they are usually given
a name.

 void add(Component panelObj, Object name);

 After you have created a deck, your program activates a card

by calling one of the following methods defined by CardLayout:

 void first(Container deck )

 void last(Container deck )
 void next(Container deck )
 void previous(Container deck )
 void show(Container deck , String cardName)
 CardLayout
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="Card1" width=500 height=500>
</applet>
*/
public class Card1 extends Applet implements ActionListener
{
Panel cardPanel; // the container that will hold the various "cards"
Panel firstP, secondP, thirdP; // these panels will constitute the "cards"
Panel buttonP; // panel to hold three buttons
Button first, second, third; // the three buttons
CardLayout ourLayout; // the card layout object
 CardLayout
public void init()
{
//create cardPanel which is the panel that will contain the three "cards"
cardPanel = new Panel();
//create the CardLayout object
ourLayout = new CardLayout();
//set card Panel's layout to be our Card Layout
cardPanel.setLayout (ourLayout);
//create three dummy panels (the "cards") to show
firstP = new Panel();
firstP.setBackground(Color.blue);
secondP = new Panel();
secondP.setBackground(Color.yellow);
thirdP = new Panel();
thirdP.setBackground(Color.green);
 CardLayout
//create three buttons and add ActionListener
first = new Button("First");
first.addActionListener(this);
second = new Button("Second");
second.addActionListener(this);
third = new Button("Third");
third.addActionListener(this);
//create Panel for the buttons and add the buttons to it
buttonP = new Panel(); // default Layout manager is FlowLayout
buttonP.add(first);
buttonP.add(second);
buttonP.add(third);
 CardLayout
//setLayout for applet to be BorderLayout
this.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
//button Panel goes South, card panels go Center
this.add(buttonP, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
this.add(cardPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);

// add the three card panels to the card panel container

// first one added is the visible one when applet appears
cardPanel.add(firstP, "First"); //blue
cardPanel.add(secondP, "Second"); //yellow
cardPanel.add(thirdP, "Third"); //green
}
 CardLayout
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
if (e.getSource() == first)
ourLayout.show(cardPanel, "First");

if (e.getSource() == second)
ourLayout.show(cardPanel, "Second");

if (e.getSource() == third)
ourLayout.show(cardPanel, "Third");
}
}
CardLayout
CardLayout
CardLayout