Introduction to Op Amp Circuits

ECEM325

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 Basic Op-Amp

The op-amp is a differential amplifier with a

very high open loop gain 25k ≤ AVOL ≤ 500k (much higher for FET inputs)
high input impedance 500kΩ ≤ ZIN ≤ 10MΩ
low output impedance 25Ω ≤ RO ≤ 100Ω

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Op-Amp Equivalent Circuit

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 Op-Amp Specifications – DC Offset Parameters

• Even though the input voltage is 0, there will be an output.

This is called offset. The following can cause this offset:
– Input Offset Voltage
– Output Offset Voltage due to Input Offset Current
– Total Offset Voltage Due to Input Offset Voltage and Input Offset
Current
– Input Bias Current

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 General Op-Amp Specifications VIO

• Input Offset Voltage VIO

– The voltage that must be applied to the input terminals of an op amp to
null the output voltage
– Typical value is 2mV with a max of 6mV
– When operated open loop, must be nulled or device may saturate

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 General Op-Amp Specifications IIO

• Input Offset Current

– The algebraic difference between the two input currents
– These are base currents and are usually nulled
– Typical value IIO 20 nA with a max of 200nA

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 Technique to Null VO

• Short Input terminals to ground

• Connect potentiometer between compensation pins with wiper to VEE
– Potentiometer is usually a 10 turn device
• Connect meter to output and adjust potentiometer for VO = 0

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 General Op-Amp Specifications CMRR

VO
AD =
VIN
VOCM
ACM =
VCM
 AD 
CMRR = 20 log  
 ACM 
• Common Mode Rejection Ratio
– The ratio of the differential voltage gain (AD) to the common mode gain
(ACM)
– ACM is the ratio between the differential input voltage (VINCM) applied
common mode, and the common mode output voltage (VOCM)
– it can exceed minimum is 70db with a typical value of 90 db
– in properly designed circuit, it may exceed 110db

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 General Op-Amp Specifications
• Input Bias Current
– The average of the currents that flow into the inverting and
noninverting terminals
– Typical values rage from 7nA to 80 nA IB+ + IB-
IB =
• Differential Input Resistance 2
– Also know as the input resistance
– Resistance seen looking into the input terminals of the device
– Runs from a low of 2MΩ for an LM741 to a high of 1012 Ω
for FET input devices
• Output resistance
– Resistance between the output terminal ad ground
– Typical values are 75Ω or less
• Input Capacitance
– The equivalent capacitance measured at either the inverting
or noninverting terminal with the other terminal connected to
ground
– May not be on all spec sheets
– Typical value for LM741 is 1.4pF

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 General Op-Amp Specifications

• Power Supply Range

– May be differential or single ended
– Max is ± 22V
• Output Voltage Swing
– Range of output voltage
– Depends on power supply voltage used (typically about 85% to 90%)
– Usually about ±13.5V for a power supply voltage of ±15V
• Slew Rate
– The maximum rate of change in the output voltage in response to an input
change
– Depends greatly on device, higher is better (output responds faster to input
changes)
• Gain Bandwidth Product
– The bandwidth of the device when the open loop voltage gain is 1

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Op Amp Equivalent Circuit

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 Op-Amp Gain
• Op-Amps have a very high gain. They can be
connected open- or closed loop.
• Open-loop (AVOL) refers to a configuration where
there is no feedback from output back to the input
• AVOL may exceed 10,000
• Closed-loop (AVCL) configuration reduces the gain
In order to control the gain of an op-amp it must
have negative feedback
• Negative feedback will reduce the gain and
improve many characteristics of the op-amp

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Typical Op Amp Frequency Response

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Change in AV with Feedback

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 Virtual Ground

Since ZIN is very

high, we assume no
current can flow into
any lead of the op
amp
When the non-
inverting input pin is
at ground, the
inverting input pin is
at 0V

The equivalent circuit.

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 Practical Op-Amp Circuits

Typical Op-amp circuit configurations include the:

• Unity Gain Buffer (Voltage Follower)
• Inverting Amplifier
• Noninverting Amplifier
• Summing Amplifier
• Integrator
• Differentiator
Note: the integrator and differentiator are considered active filters

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Unity Gain Buffer (Follower)

VO
AV =
V1
VO = V1
AV = 1

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 Inverting Op Amp

The input is applied to the inverting (-) input

the non-inverting input (+) is grounded
RF is the feedback resistor, and is connected from the output to the
inverting input
This is called negative feedback
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 Inverting Op Amp

VO IIN RF
We assume that no current AV = = -
VS IIN R1
enters the inverting terminal
II- < 100nA RF
AV = -
VD  0V R1

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 Inverting Op-Amp Gain
Closed Loop Gain is controlled by the external resistors:
RF and R1 VO IIN RF
AV = = -
VS IIN R1
RF
AV = -
R1

RF
For Unity Gain: AV is -1 and RF = R1 AV = - = -1
R1
The minus sign denotes a 180 degree phase shift between input and output

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 Inverting Op Amp Compensated for Ibias
R is used to compensate
for difference in IBIAS+
and IBIAS-

RF
AV = -
R1
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 Inverting Op-Amp
A
This configuration achieves
high gain with a smaller
range of resistor values than
the basic inverter

V-

V+

 R2 + RF R2 RF 
AV = -  + 
 R1 R1 R3 
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 Inverting Amplifier with High Zin

Use a Unity Gain Buffer to obtain a very high input resistance with an
inverting amplifier

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 Inverting Amplifier for Low RL

Use a Unity Gain Buffer to obtain a very high input resistance to

drive a low impedance load

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 Noninverting Amplifier

 R2 
VO = Vin  1 + 
 R1 
VO  R2 
AV = = 1 + 
Vin  R1 

V- = V+ = vi
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 Noninverting Op Amp Compensated for IBIAS

Rbias is used to compensate for difference in IBIAS+ and IBIAS-

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Differential (Difference) Amplifier

V1 A
V2 A

VO R2
AV = - = -
V2 - V1 R1

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Differential Amplifier Output

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Instrumentation Amplifier Buffered Input

RF
R1 = R2, RF1 = RF2 AV = -
R1
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 Instrumentation Amplifier

 RF   RA 
R1 = R2, RF1 = RF2 AV = -   1 + 2 
 R1   RB 

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Inverting Summing Amplifier
By applying KCL to the
multiple inputs, we can
consider the contribution of
each source individually
IF + I - = I1 + I 2 + I 3
but I-  0
IF = I1 + I2 + I3
VO = -IF RF

 RF RF RF 
VO = -  V1 + V2 + V3 
 R1 R2 R3 
 V1 V2 V3 
VO = - RF  + + 
 R1 R2 R3 

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Non-inverting Summing Amplifier
Perform a source transformation
for each input
Sum the current sources and find
RTH for the resistances
VIN+ = IT RTH

 V1 V2 V3 
VIN + = + +  RTH
 R1 R2 R3 
where RTH = R1 // R2 // R3
 VIN + 
VO =    RIN + RF 
 RIN 
VO  RF 
AV = = 1 + 
VIN +  R IN 

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