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Centrifugal Pumps
Pump Arrangements
Matching Pumps to Systems
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Centrifugal pump
Most widely used in HVAC applications, e .g.
Hot water systems
Chilled water systems
Condenser water systems
Boiler feed and condensate return pumps
Operation
Electric motor¶s output torque => impeller¶s rotation
Coupling to the pump shaft
Centrifugal force & tip speed force
Pump motor Centrifugal pump body
A double-suction, horizontal split-case, single-stage centrifugal pump
=Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)
Typical overhung-impeller end-suction pump
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
Impeller and volute interaction
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
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Types of centrifugal pumps
Circulator pump
Closed-couple end suction pump
Frame-mounted end suction pump
Base-mounted horizontal split case pump
Vertical inline pump
Vertical turbine single or multistage pump
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
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Variable speed pumps
Less expensive nowadays
Centrifugal pump characteristics
Total pressure-capacity curve
Flat curve: applied on closed piping systems with
modulating valves
Steep curve: usually for open piping systems =cooling
towers), w/ high pressure, constant flow
Family of pump performance curves
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
]
System pressure characteristic curve
Compared w/: fan-duct system characteristics
System operating point: intersection of fan curve
& system curve
Pump power == flow x pressure)
Pump input power = )
Pump efficiency
Matching pump to system curve
Best efficiency point
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
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Similarity relationships
Pump affinity laws =c.f. fan laws)
Function Speed change Impeller diameter
change
Flow è¢ = è1 = ¢/ 1) è¢ = è1 =¢/1)
Pressure p¢ = p1 = / ) ¢ p¢ = p1 =¢/1)¢
¢ 1
Power ¢ = 1 = / ) 3 ¢ = 1 =¢/1)3
¢ 1
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
]
Radial thrust
Non-uniform pressure around impeller
Greatest at shutoff
Decreases from shutoff to design capacity
Increase with overcapacity
Net positive suction =NPS)
Cavitation: vapour poc ets form in impeller
passages & may cause damages
Net positive suction required =NPSR) - pump
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Net positive suction available =NPSA)
For the installation
Total useful energy above the vapour pressure at
the pump suction connection
Affected by the location of expansion tan
If NPSA < Pump¶s NPSR
Cavitation, noise, inadequate pumping, etc.
Avoid problem, NPSA > NPSR
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
Pump design criteria
Design flow & minimum system flow
Pressure drop required for the most resistant loop
System pressure at maximum and minimum flows
Type of control valve²two-way or three-way
Continuous or variable flow
Pump environment, number of pumps and standby
Electric voltage and current
Electric service and starting limitations
Motor quality versus service life
ater treatment, water conditions, and material selection
Pump selection process
Determine the load to be pumped
Determine design ǻt & calculate required flow
Sum up the load flows to determine total flow
Determine the ³critical path´ =most resistant)
Determine mounting method & support
Select a pump from manufacturer
Flat curve & steep curve, pump operation & motor
Chec overflow capacity when staging multiple pumps
Pump selection regions
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
Pumping arrangements & control scenarios
Multiple pumps in parallel or series
Standby pump
Pumps with two-speed motors
Primary-secondary pumping
Variable-speed pumping
Distributed pumping
Pumps in parallel operation
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
Pumps in series operation
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
Base plate-mounted centrifugal pump installation
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
In-line pump installation
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
Ú
Good piping system design
Match system characteristics to pump curve
Trimming pump impellers
To reduce flow
To match partload requirments
Pump control
Two-speed pumping & motors
Variable speed pumping
Source distribution pumping
Ú
Modulation of pump-piping systems
Throttle volume flow by using a valve
Change flow resistance ± new system curve
Also nown as ³riding on the curve´
Turn water pumps on or off in sequence
Sudden increase/drop in flow rate and head
Vary the pump speed
System operating point move along the system curve
Requires the lowest pump power input
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
Ú
Plant loop =at constant flow) =production loop)
To protect evaporator from freezing, a fairly
constant-volume water flow is required
Building loop =at variable flow)
For saving energy at partload
A differential pressure transmitter is often installed
at the farthest end from the pump
Primary-secondary loop
A short common pipe connects the ¢ loops
Primary-secondary loop and pumping
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
Constant flow chilled water system
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)
Variable flow chilled water system
=plant-building loop)
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)
A dual temperature water system
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
Chilled water system using a plant-distribution-building loop
=Source: ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook 2004)
=Source: Wang, S. K., 2001. Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)
Ú
Chiller plant operation/performance
management
Parallel chiller arrangement
Series chiller arrangement
Decoupled chiller arrangement
Chiller plant control
Tertiary pumping
