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Optic Fiber Communications

This document discusses optical fibers and how they transmit light signals. It explains that an optical fiber consists of a core that carries light signals, a cladding that keeps light in the core, and a coating that protects the cladding. Light is reflected down the length of the fiber through total internal reflection. Snell's law describes how light bends when changing between materials with different refractive indices. Singlemode and multimode fibers are the main types used today for telecommunications.

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Fahad Ismail
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89 views18 pages

Optic Fiber Communications

This document discusses optical fibers and how they transmit light signals. It explains that an optical fiber consists of a core that carries light signals, a cladding that keeps light in the core, and a coating that protects the cladding. Light is reflected down the length of the fiber through total internal reflection. Snell's law describes how light bends when changing between materials with different refractive indices. Singlemode and multimode fibers are the main types used today for telecommunications.

Uploaded by

Fahad Ismail
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dr Paul Fahamuel Mmbaga

 Fibre optic is a thin flexible fibers of glass or


other transparent solids used to transmit light
signals for telecommunications
 An optical fibre is made of three
sections:
 The core carries the light signals
 The cladding keeps the light in the
core
 The coating protects the cladding
 An Optical Fiber works on the principle of Total Internal
Reflection

 Light rays are reflected and guided down the length of


an optical fiber.
 The acceptance angle of the fiber determines which light
rays will be guided down the fiber.
• The diameter of the light carrying region of the fibre
is the "core diameter.“

• The larger the core, the more rays of light that


travel in the core.

• The larger the core, the more optical power that


can be transmitted.

• The core has a higher index of refraction than the


cladding.

• Refraction index is the ratio of the velocity of light in


a vacuum to its velocity in a specified medium.
 Singlemode (SM) and multimode (MM) fibers
are the mainstream fibers that are
manufactured and marketed today.
 Snell's Law describes how light bends when
traveling from one medium to the next.
Mathematically
 n1 sin θ1= n2 sin θ2. where ni represents the index of
refraction in medium i, and θi represents the angle the light
makes with the normal in medium i.
 When the light travelling from a rarer (lower refraction
index) region to denser (higher refraction index ) it will
bend toward the normal
 When the light travelling from a denser (higher refraction
index) region to rarer (lower refraction index) it will
bend toward the normal
 Light travels from air (n1 = 1) into an optical fiber
with an index of refraction of 1.44.
 (a) In which direction does the light bend?
 (b) If the angle of incidence on the end of the fiber
is 22o, what is the angle of refraction inside the
fiber?
 (c) Sketch the path of light as it changes media.
 Since the light is traveling from a rarer region
(lower n) to a denser region (higher n), it will
bend toward the normal.
 (b)We will identify air as medium 1 and the
fiber as medium 2. Thus, n1 = 1.00, n2 = 1.44,
and θ1 = 22o. Snell's Law then becomes
 (1.00) sin 22o = 1.44 sin θ2.
 sin θ2 = (1.00/1.44) sin 22o = 0.260
 θ2 = sin-1 (0.260) = 15o.
 Light traveling through an optical fiber (n=1.44)
reaches the end of the fiber and exits into air.
 (a) If the angle of incidence on the end of the fiber
is 30o, what is the angle of refraction outside the
fiber?
 (b) How would your answer be different if the
angle of incidence were 50o?
 (a) Since the light is now traveling from the fiber into
air, we will call the fiber material 1 and air material
2. Thus, n1 = 1.44, n2 = 1.00, and θ1 = 30o. Snell's Law
then becomes(1.44) sin 30o = 1.00 sin θ2.
sin θ2 = (1.44/1.00) sin 30o = 1.44 (0.500) = 0.720
θ2 = sin-1 (0.720) = 46o.

 Notice that this time, the angle of refraction is larger


than the angle of incidence. The light is bending away
from the normal as it enters a rarer material.
 (b) Replacing the angle of incidence with 50o gives
 sin θ2 = (1.44/1.00) sin 50o = 1.44 (0.766) = 1.103
 This equality cannot be met, so light cannot exit the
fiber under these conditions.
 The situation in part (b) is an example of total
internal reflection

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