GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THERMAL ANALYSIS OF
POWER TRANSFORMERS
CIRCUIT BASED
PART-3
 Prepared By
Desai Keyur H
150110707003
 Introduction

Summary of Previous Session

Research Paper 2 & 3

Summary Of Research Paper

Conclusion/Outcome

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Sr. Research Paper Title Author Name Journal/ Year Published Reference
No. Conference
1 A Fundamental Approach to Glenn Swift IEEE April 2001 Swift 2001
Transformer Thermal Tom S Molinski Transactions On
Modelling—Part I: Theory and Waldemar Lehn Power Delivery
Equivalent Circuit
2 Dynamic Thermal Modelling of Dejan Susa IEEE October 2006 Susa 2006-1
Power Transformers: Further Matti Lehtonen Transactions
Development—Part I On Power
Delivery
3 Dynamic Thermal Modelling of Dejan Susa IEEE October 2006 Susa 2006-2
Power Transformers: Matti Lehtonen Transactions On
Further Development—Part II Power Delivery
4 A Simple Model for Calculating Dejan Susa IEEE July 2009 Susa 2009
Transformer Hasse Nordman Transactions On
Hot-Spot Temperature Power Delivery
5 Moisture Dependent Thermal Yi Cui IEEE January 2016 Yi 2016
Modelling of Power Hui Ma Transactions On
Transformer Tapan Saha Power Delivery
C.Ekanayake
KEYUR DESAI-150110707003 4/30/2018 3
 Thermal Analysis is the branch of Material science in which the effect
of temperature to the Machine is carried out.
 There is two type of Thermal Behavioural Analysis:
 Thermal Structural Analysis
 Thermal Fluid Analysis

 In Thermal Structural Analysis, The thermal behaviour of Structure of

machine is carried out.
 In Thermal Fluid Analysis, The thermal behaviour of Fluid of machine
is carried out.

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CIRCUIT BASED APPROACH MODEL BASED APPROACH

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6

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Thermal model of oil-air heat Thermal model for winding-to-oil
transfer heat transfer

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1. A thermal model of a
power transformer in the
form of an equivalent
circuit, based on
fundamental heat
transfer theory, is shown
to be a sound basis for
the differential equation
used to calculate the top
oil temperature in large
power transformers.
2. An analogous thermal
model and equivalent
circuit for hot spot
temperature
determination is also
presented.
4/30/2018 8
IEEE STANDARD C57.91-1995 Derived In This Paper
𝑛
𝐾 2 𝑅+1 𝑑Δ𝜃𝑇𝑂 2 𝛽+1
𝐼𝑝𝑢 𝑑𝜃𝑜𝑖𝑙
 ∗ ∆𝜃𝑇𝑂,𝑅 = 𝜏 𝑇𝑂,𝑅 ∗ +Δ𝜃𝑇𝑂  ∗ Δ𝜃𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑅
1Τ
𝑛 = 𝜏𝑜𝑖𝑙 ∗ + 𝜃𝑜𝑖𝑙 − 𝜃𝑎𝑚𝑏
1Τ
𝑛
𝑅+1 𝑑𝑡 𝛽+1 𝑑𝑡
.

where
𝐾=𝐼𝑝𝑢 of this paper (the symbol is not conventionally used to represent a variable),
𝑅= 𝛽of this paper (the symbol is conventionally used only for resistances),Δ𝜃𝑇𝑂,𝑅 = top oil rise under
rated conditions,
𝜏 𝑇𝑂,𝑅 = 𝜏𝑜𝑖𝑙 of this paper, and
Δ𝜃𝑇𝑂 = top oil rise, the solution variable

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10

Dejan Susa IEEE October 2006

Transactions On
Matti Lehtonen Power Delivery

KEYUR DESAI-150110707003 4/30/2018

 Further refinement in the definition of Thermal Resistance.
 The fluid flow around their surfaces and the relevant thermal models.
 the equivalent thermal capacitances of the transformer oil for different transformer
designs and winding-oil circulations are estimated by the suggested equations.
 The methods presented in this paper are validated using experimental results.
 Furthermore, the IEEE-Annex G method is used as a reference.

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A. Top-oil Thermal Model
B. Hot-Spot Thermal Model

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 𝑞𝑓𝑒 = the heat generated by
iron losses,
𝑞𝑙 = the heat generated by
copper losses,
𝐶𝑡ℎ−𝑜𝑖𝑙 = the thermal
capacitance of the oil,
𝜃𝑜𝑖𝑙 = the temperature of the
oil,
𝑅𝑡ℎ−𝑜𝑖𝑙−𝑎𝑖𝑟 = the thermal
resistance between oil and
air, and
𝜃𝑎𝑚𝑏 = the ambient
temperature

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 The differential equation, which forms the basic model for top-oil temperature
calculation, for the thermal circuit in Top-oil Model:
1+𝑛
1 + 𝑅 ∗ 𝑃𝑙,𝑝𝑢 𝜃𝑒 ∗ 𝐾 2 𝑛 𝑛
𝑑𝜃𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝜃𝑜𝑖𝑙 − 𝜃𝑎𝑚𝑏
∗ 𝜇𝑝𝑢 ∗ Δ𝜃𝑜𝑖𝑙,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝜇𝑝𝑢 ∗ 𝜏𝑜𝑖𝑙,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ∗ + 𝑛
1+𝑅 𝑑𝑡 Δ𝜃𝑜𝑖𝑙,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
 Where,
𝑃𝑙,𝑝𝑢 = load losses dependence on temperature(𝜃𝑒 ),
𝜇𝑝𝑢 = oil viscosity( per unit volume),
𝐾 = Load factor,
𝑅= Ratio of load to no-load losses,
𝜏𝑜𝑖𝑙,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = Rated time constant,
𝑛 = constant,
Δ𝜃𝑜𝑖𝑙,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = Temperature Rise over Ambient Temperature,
𝜃𝑜𝑖𝑙 = Temperature of Oil

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 The temperature dependence of the load losses 𝑃𝑙,𝑝𝑢 𝜃𝑒 is taken into account as
follows:
𝜃𝑒 + 𝜃𝑘 𝜃𝑒,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 + 𝜃𝑘
𝑃𝑙,𝑝𝑢 𝜃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑑𝑐,𝑝𝑢 ∗ + 𝑃𝑎,𝑝𝑢 ∗
𝜃𝑒,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 + 𝜃𝑘 𝜃𝑒 + 𝜃𝑘
 Where,
𝜃𝑒,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = Rated Hot-Spot temperature in ℃
which value is 98 ℃ & 110 ℃ respectively as per IEC & IEEE Std.
𝑃𝑎,𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = Additional Losses
𝜃𝑘 = Temperature Factor for Loss correction
which values are 225 & 235 respectively for Aluminium & Copper.
𝜃𝑒 = Mean Hot-Spot Temperature in ℃

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 𝑞𝑤𝑑𝑛 = the heat generated
by winding
𝐶𝑡ℎ−𝑤𝑑𝑛 = the thermal
capacitance of the winding,
𝜃ℎ𝑠 = the temperature of the
Hot-Spot,
𝑅𝑡ℎ−ℎ𝑠−𝑜𝑖𝑙 = the thermal
resistance between hot-spot
and oil, and
𝜃𝑜𝑖𝑙 = the oil temperature

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 a general equation for the convection and heat-exchange phenomena between the
winding insulation surface and the oil at the top of the winding, which is derived
from equations for the nonlinear thermal resistance
𝑚
Δ𝜃ℎ𝑠 = 𝐶 ′ ∗ 𝜇 𝑝 ∗ 𝑞𝑤𝑑𝑛
 Where,
𝐶 ′ is a function of the fluid properties and winding characteristic dimensions and is
considered to be a constant.
𝑝 and 𝑚 are constants that directly affect the shape of the thermal curve.
These constants are estimated by taking into account both the steady-state and the transient
hot-spot temperature rises over top-oil temperature.
 The nonlinear thermal resistance between the winding insulation surface and the
oil at the top of the transformer can now be derived as
1ൗ
𝑚
Δ𝜃ℎ𝑠 𝐶′ ∗ 𝜇 𝑝
𝑅𝑡ℎ−ℎ𝑠−𝑜𝑖𝑙 = = (1−𝑚)
𝑞𝑤𝑑𝑛 Δ𝜃ℎ𝑠

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 The winding loss’s dependence 𝑃𝑤𝑑𝑛,𝑝𝑢 (𝜃ℎ𝑠 ) on temperature is given as follows:
𝜃ℎ𝑠 + 𝜃𝑘 𝜃ℎ𝑠,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 + 𝜃𝑘
𝑃𝑤𝑑𝑛,𝑝𝑢 𝜃ℎ𝑠 = 𝑃𝑑𝑐,𝑝𝑢 ∗ + 𝑃𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑦,𝑝𝑢 ∗
𝜃ℎ𝑠,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 + 𝜃𝑘 𝜃ℎ𝑠 + 𝜃𝑘
 Where,
𝑃𝑑𝑐,𝑝𝑢 (𝜃ℎ𝑠 ) and 𝑃𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑦,𝑝𝑢 (𝜃ℎ𝑠 ) describe the behaviour of
the dc and eddy losses as a function of temperature.
 The dc losses vary directly with temperature, whereas the eddy losses vary
inversely with temperature.

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𝑅𝑡ℎ−𝑚𝑝−𝑜𝑖𝑙 = Thermal resistance
between Tank ,Accessories and
Oil.
𝑅𝑡ℎ−𝑓𝑒−𝑜𝑖𝑙 = Thermal resistance
between Core and Oil.
𝑅𝑡ℎ−𝑤𝑑𝑛−𝑜𝑖𝑙 = Thermal
resistance between Winding
and Oil.
𝑅𝑡ℎ−𝑚𝑝−𝑜𝑖𝑙 = Thermal resistance
between Oil and Air.
𝑞= Losses
C= Capacitance
𝜃𝑜𝑖𝑙 = Temperature of Oil
𝜃𝑎𝑚𝑏 = Ambient Temperature

4/30/2018 19
 The load losses in the transformer are equal to the sum of
the winding dc and eddy losses and stray losses in the
metal parts.
 Thus, the transformer total losses are
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑞𝑓𝑒 +𝑞𝑤𝑑𝑛 +𝑞𝑠𝑡

𝑞𝑓𝑒 𝑞𝑤𝑑𝑛 𝑞𝑠𝑡

𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∗ 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 + ∗ 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 + ∗ 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

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 𝑞𝑓𝑒 𝑞𝑤𝑑𝑛 𝑞𝑠𝑡
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∗ 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 + ∗ 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 + ∗ 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑌𝑓𝑒 𝑌𝑤𝑑𝑛 𝑌𝑠𝑡

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4/30/2018 22
 𝑌𝑠𝑡 ≪ 𝑌𝑤𝑑𝑛 & 𝑌𝑠𝑡 ≪ 1

𝑌𝑓𝑒 ≪ 𝑌𝑤𝑑𝑛 & 𝑌𝑓𝑒 ≪ 1

Then The Total Loss Equation becomes,

𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑌𝑓𝑒 ∗ 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑌𝑤𝑑𝑛 ∗ 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑌𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

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4/30/2018 24
 ′ ′ ′ ′
𝐶𝑡ℎ−𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝐶𝑤𝑑𝑛 + 𝐶𝑓𝑒 + 𝐶𝑚𝑝 + 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙

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 The equivalent thermal capacitance of the transformer oil for transformers with external
cooling and a zigzag oil flow through the windings, is given by
𝐶𝑡ℎ−𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑌𝑤𝑑𝑛 ∗ 𝑚𝑤𝑑𝑛 ∗ 𝑐𝑤𝑑𝑛 + 𝑌𝑓𝑒 ∗ 𝑚𝑓𝑒 ∗ 𝑐𝑓𝑒 +𝑌𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝑚𝑚𝑝 ∗ 𝑐𝑚𝑝 +𝑂𝑜𝑖𝑙 ∗ 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑙 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
 Where,
𝑚𝑤𝑑𝑛 =weight of the winding material (use only the excited parts) (in kilograms);
𝑚𝑓𝑒 = weight of the core (in kilograms);
𝑚𝑚𝑝 = weight of the tank and fittings (in kilograms);
𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑙 = weight of the oil (in kilograms);
𝑐𝑤𝑑𝑛 = specific heat capacity of the winding material (𝑐𝑐𝑢 = 0.11 and 𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0.25) (in Wh/kg℃);
𝑐𝑓𝑒 = specific heat capacity of the core=0.13 (in Wh/kg℃);
𝑐𝑚𝑝 = specific heat capacity of the tank and fittings(= 0.13) (in Wh/kg℃);
𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 = specific heat capacity of the oil (in Wh/kg℃);
𝑂𝑜𝑖𝑙 = correction factor for the oil in the ONAF, ONAN, and OFAF cooling modes;
𝑂𝑜𝑖𝑙 = correction factor for the oil in the ODAF cooling mode.

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 From This Paper

𝐶𝑡ℎ−𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑌𝑤𝑑𝑛 ∗ 𝑚𝑤𝑑𝑛 ∗ 𝑐𝑤𝑑𝑛 + 𝑌𝑓𝑒 ∗ 𝑚𝑓𝑒 ∗ 𝑐𝑓𝑒 +𝑌𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝑚𝑚𝑝 ∗ 𝑐𝑚𝑝 +𝑂𝑜𝑖𝑙 ∗ 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑙 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙

 From IEEE Loading Guide Annex-G

𝐶𝑡ℎ−𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑚𝑤𝑑𝑛 ∗ 𝑐𝑤𝑑𝑛 + 𝑚𝑓𝑒 ∗ 𝑐𝑓𝑒 + 𝑚𝑚𝑝 ∗ 𝑐𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑙 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙

 The top-oil time constant at the load considered for the thermal circuit,
Δ𝜃𝑜𝑖𝑙,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝜏𝑜𝑖𝑙,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐶𝑡ℎ−𝑜𝑖𝑙,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ∗ ∗ 60
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
 Where, 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = total losses at rated load, corrected for the additional heat generated
at the rated mean hot-spot temperature 𝜃𝑒,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

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 The reason for using the average oil rise instead of the top-oil temperature rise is
as follows:
 It has been standard practice in industry to use the tank-inlet oil for the “official”
bottom oil.
 In old designs, the tank inlet pipes were taken to the bottom of the tank, which
meant a well-mixed, homogenous bottom oil flowed into the windings.
 Therefore, it was reasonable to assume that the time constant for the “bottom oil”
was approximately equal to the top-oil time constant.
 On the other hand, in power transformers made today, the radiator inlet pipes are
normally located somewhat below the mid-height of the tank.
 Therefore, the bottom time constant for this design is shorter than the top-oil time
constant, essentially much closer to the average oil time constant.

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31

Dejan Susa IEEE October 2006

Transactions On
Matti Lehtonen Power Delivery

KEYUR DESAI-150110707003 4/30/2018

 New temperature calculation methods based on heat-transfer theory.
 The application of
 Lumped capacitance method,
 The thermal-electrical analogy, and
 A new definition of nonlinear thermal resistances at different locations within a power
transformer.
 Take into account oil viscosity changes and loss variation with temperature.
 The changes in transformer time constants due to changes in the oil viscosity are also
accounted for in the thermal models.
 The models are validated using experimental results, which have been obtained from a
series of thermal tests performed on a range of power transformers.
 The results are also compared with the IEEE—Loading guide (1995) Annex G method.

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Where,
𝜃𝑏𝑤𝑑𝑛 = Bottom Winding Temperature
𝑅𝑡ℎ−𝑏𝑤𝑑𝑛−𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙 = Nonlinear bottom
winding to bottom-oil thermal
resistance.
𝑅𝑡ℎ−𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙−𝑎𝑖𝑟 =Nonlinear bottom-oil to
air thermal resistance.

4/30/2018 33
Where,
𝑅𝑡ℎ−ℎ𝑠−𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙 = Nonlinear thermal
resistance between the winding
insulation surface at the top level
and the oil at the bottom level.
𝜃𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙 =Bottom-oil temperature.
𝜃ℎ𝑠 =Hot-Spot Temperature.

4/30/2018 34
 Equation for the natural convection and heat-exchange phenomena between the
winding insulation surface at the top level and the oil at the bottom level is given as
follows:
𝑚
Δ𝜃ℎ𝑠−𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝐶 ′′′ ∗ 𝜇 𝑝 ∗ 𝑞𝑤𝑑𝑛
 Where,
𝐶 ′′′ = function of the fluid properties evaluated at the average hot-spot to bottom-oil
temperature and is considered to be a constant.
𝑝 & 𝑚 = constants that are partly based on experimental results obtained from thermal
tests.
 The thermal resistance between the winding insulation surface at the top level and
the oil at the bottom level of the transformer is characterized by
1ൗ
𝑚
Δ𝜃ℎ𝑠−𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝐶 ′′ ∗ 𝜇𝑝
𝑅𝑡ℎ−ℎ𝑠−𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙 = = (1−𝑚)
𝑞𝑤𝑑𝑛 Δ𝜃ℎ𝑠−𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙

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 Pierce obtained an empirical for the natural convection and heat-exchange
phenomena between the winding insulation surface at the top level and the oil at
the bottom level.
 This equation was found to fit the data obtained during a wide variety of thermal
tests with different cooling modes. Thus, it implicitly takes into account the effect of
viscosity as well
𝑚
Δ𝜃ℎ𝑠−𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝐶 ′′′′ ∗ 𝑞𝑤𝑑𝑛
Where, 𝐶 ′′′′ is a constant.
 The exponent 𝑚 is a constant, its value taken from the IEEE Lading Guide-Annex G.
 The thermal resistance between the winding insulation surface at the top level and
the oil at the bottom level of the transformer is characterized by
1ൗ
𝑚
Δ𝜃ℎ𝑠−𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝐶 ′′′′
𝑅𝑡ℎ−ℎ𝑠−𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙 = = (1−𝑚)
𝑞𝑤𝑑𝑛 Δ𝜃ℎ𝑠−𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙

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 the definition of the nonlinear thermal resistances between the winding insulation
surface at the top level to the oil at the bottom level.
 Furthermore, the nonlinear thermal resistances are introduced into the lumped
capacitance method using the electrical-thermal analogy.
 The application of the lumped capacitance method for the evaluation of power
transformer thermal behaviour has been verified by many authors and so it was also
used to obtain the thermal models in this research work.
 The foregoing hot-spot temperature(HST) models are based on the bottom-oil
temperature and the relevant nonlinear thermal resistances.
 In addition, the bottom-oil thermal models take variations of oil viscosity and winding
resistance into account.
 As a reference temperature for the oil viscosity evaluation, the bottom-oil temperatures
in the tank are used in the respective model.
 Additionally, the oil viscosity is evaluated at an average temperature (the average of the
relevant hot-spot and bottom-oil temperatures) for the HST models based on the bottom
oil.
KEYUR DESAI-150110707003 4/30/2018 39
[1]“Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformers,” IEC 354-1991.
[2] “Direct measurements of the hot-spot temperature of transformers” 1990, CIGRE WG 12-09.
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