THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
INDEX
• The Big Bang Theory
• Theories after the Big Bang Theory:
- Inflationary Universe
- Stationary Universe
- Oscillatory Universe
• History of the Universe
• Video
• Quiz
THE BIG BANG THEORY
The most accepted theory by the scientific
community
The Universe originated in a very dense and
hot state, has constantly expanded until now
THE BIG BANG THEORY
Name comes from one of it´s main oppositors
Main scientist that contributed to it:
Friedmann, Lemaître, Hubble, Gamow
Universe was concentrated at a Singularity
Before it´s creation, space and time didn´t
existed, so they are relative to it
Universe expanded tremendously fast and
it´s temperature increased
THE BIG BANG THEORY
• How expansion is proved:
– Doppler Effect: With the
Electromagnetic Spectrum we
can see that wavelenghts are
increasing or decreasing
– Cosmic Microwave
Background: Gamow
predicted an afterglow of
microwaves generated after
the creation of the Universe
THE BIG BANG THEORY
Universe Electroamgnetic Background
THE BIG BANG THEORY
A recent acceleration in the expansion of the
Universe has been seen
This wasn´t predicted in the Original Theory
Scientist have added the presence of Dark
Matter and Dark Energy to explain it
THE BIG BANG THEORY
Universe will become less and less dense until
and temperature will decrease to almost
Absolute Zero
It will slow down from expanding and then
will start to collapse, forming another
explosion called The Big Crunch
INFLATIONARY THEORY
Developed in 1981 by Alan Guth:
- First moments after Big Bang, the four fundamental
forces were joined.
- Then, the forces started to separate, but it was not until
the separation of both of the nuclear forces when a
enormous liberation of energy was originated.
STATIONARY THEORY
Developed by Edward Milne:
- He named this thesis as “Cosmological Beginning”
- According to this theory, the universe does not have a
beginning or an end.
-In 1948, some astronomers added new concepts to this
beginning, and changed the name to “Perfect Cosmological
Beginning”.
OSCILLATING THEORY
Developed by Paul Steinhardt:
- This theory holds that our Universe
would be the last one of many
originated in the past, after
successive explosions(Big Bang)
and contractions(Big Crunch).
- It is a never ending cycle known as
Oscillating Universe.
Parts of the Big Bang
Plank era(0-10-43seconds):The beginning of time. Plank
Length and Plank Temperature
Grand Unification Epoch(10–43- 10–36 seconds): Gravity
and elementary particles
Inflationary Epoch, 10–36 -10–32 seconds: Cosmic
inflation. Elementary particles are distributed
Electroweak Epoch, 10–36 - 10–12seconds: Strong force
and exotic particles
Quark Epoch, from 10–12 seconds to 10–6 seconds:
Quarks, electrons and neutrinos are formed as universe
cools down. Quarks combine each other
Parts of the Big Bang
Quark Epoch, from 10–12 seconds to 10–6 seconds: Quarks, electrons and
neutrinos are formed as universe cools down. Quarks combine each
other
Hadron Epoch, from 10–6 seconds to 1 second: Quarks form Hadrons.
Electrons combine with protons and form neutrons
Lepton Epoch, from 1 second to 3 minutes: Leptons(electrons) and
antileptons(positrons) form electro positrons.
Nucleosynthesis, from 3 minutes to 20 minutes:Temperature falls so
protons and neutrons combine to form H, He and Li
Photon Epoch (or Radiation Domination), from 3 minutes to 240,000
years: Universe filled with plasma. Energy is dominated by photons
Parts of the universe
Recombination/Decoupling, from 240,000 to 300,000 years: Temperature and density falls.
Electrons bound to atoms and universe becomes transparent to light. 75% H and 25% He
Dark Age (or Dark Era), from 300,000 to 150 million years: Universe is dark, diffuse matter, low
energy levels. Universe dominated by dark matter
Reionization, 150 million to 1 billion years: Quasars are formed from gravitational collapse and
radiation is emited among the universe. Universe composed of Ionized plasma
Star and Galaxy Formation, 300 - 500 million years onwards: Pockets of gas become more dense.
They start to collapse under own gravity. Nuclear fusion interactions between Hydrogen creates
stars. Population III, II and I stars. Supernova events happens forming generations of stars that
together will form a gravitational attraction forming galaxyes.
Solar System Formation, 8.5 - 9 billion years: The sun is a late-generation star, incorporing
previous stars debris. It was formed like 4 billion years ago.
Today, 13.7 billion years: Expansion of universe and recycling of star materials into new stars
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