INTRODUCTION
TO DWDM
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(D)WDM : CONTENTS
• THE NEED FOR DWDM :
– FIBRE EXHAUST- ALTERNATIVES
• THE CHALLENGE:
– TAPPING THE UNLIMITED FIBRE BANDWIDTH
– ACHIEVING THE NETWORKING FUNCTIONS IN THE OPTICAL DOMAIN
• WDM APPROACH TO FIBRE EXHAUST
– WDM FUNCTIONAL BLOCK SCHEMATIC
– DIFFERENCES FROM CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM: THE AMPLIFIER
• FEATURES : AD(DISAD)VANTAGES
– DWDM SYSTEMS AT PRESENT
• OPTICAL AMPLITIERS
• DWDM COMPONENTS
• NMS
• OPTICAL BANDS
– STANDARD WAVELENGTHS: ITU GRID
• DWDM APPLICATIONS :
– BENEFIT TO OPERATORS
– NEW ISSUES BEFOR PLANNERS
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FIBRE EXHAUST
2.5- Gbit/s 2.5-Gbit/s
2.5- Gbit/s 2.5 Gbit/s
2.5- Gbit/s
2.5- Gbit/s 2.5 Gbit/s
transmitter reciever
LAY NEW FIBRE AND PUT NEW SYSTEMS
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FIBRE EXHAUST
2.5- Gbit/s 2.5-Gbit/s
2.5- Gbit/s 2.5 Gbit/s
2.5- Gbit/s
2.5- Gbit/s 2.5 Gbit/s
transmitter reciever
10-Gbit/s 10-Gbit/s 10-Gbit/s
transmitter regenerator reciever
INSTAL HIGHER BITRATE TDM
EXPENSIVE, NEW FIBRE NEEDED
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FIBRE EXHAUST
10-Gbit/s 10-Gbit/s 10-Gbit/s
transmitter regenerator reciever
2.5- Gbit/s 2.5-Gbit/s
2.5- Gbit/s 2.5-
2.5 Gbit/s
Gbit/s
2.5- Gbit/s
2.5- Gbit/s 2.5 Gbit/s
transmitter reciever
2.5-Gbitt/s λ1
λ1 2.5- Gbit/s
transmitter reciever
D λ2
2.5-Gbitt/s λ2 E
M 2.5- Gbit/s
transmitter M reciever
U λ3
λ3 U
2.5-Gbitt/s X
X 2.5- Gbit/s
transmitter reciever
λ4
λ4
2.5-Gbitt/s 2.5- Gbit/s
transmitter reciever
DEPLOY DWDM
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EVOLUTION OF DWDM
64-160 channels
Late
25-50 GHZ spacing
1990’s
16-40 channels 100-200 GHz spacing
Mid
Dense WDM, integrated systems with
1990’s
Network Management, add-drop functions.
Early 2-8 channels passive
1990’s WDM 200-400 GHz spacing
WDM components/parts
Late 2 channels Wideband
1980’s WDM 1310 nm, 1550 nm
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ACHIEVING HIGHER BANDWIDTH
THREE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
• INSTAL NEW FIBRE EXPENSIVE
• INVEST IN NEW TDM VERY
TECHNOLOGIES TO EXPENSIVE
ACHIEVE HIGHER REQUIRE NEW
TYPE FIBRE
BANDWIDTH.
• DEPLOY DWDM ECONOMICA
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THE CHALLENGE:Continuous growth in traffic…
CALLS FOR TAPPING THE UNUTILIZED BANDWIDTH OF THE MEDIA
ACHIEVE NETWORKING FUNCTIONS (ROUTING etc) IN OPTICAL DOMAIN
JUST LIKE WIDENING OF ROAD USING AVAILAB.E LAND TO MEET INCREASED TRAFFIC
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DWDM BASICS
SINGLE FIBRE
SDH OPTICAL SIGNALS
NEW REQUIREMENTS:
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BLOCK SCHEMATIC
OPTICAL Tx Rx
SIGNALS. 1 MUX DEMUX
STM-1 2
STM-4 W OFA W
.
STM-16 .
D D
.
ATM .
M M
IP 16
TRANSPONDERS
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Wayside Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
TM TM
1 WDM WDM
MUX DEMU
2 XO
O
A A
15
16
5-8
1-4
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Optical Add/Drop
Multiplexing
Terminal Equipt In-Line Amplifier Terminal Equipt
fixed OADM:
2
1 2 2 2 2 1
1 1
Configurable
OADM :
1 or 2
1 2 2 2 2 1
OADM : Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
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OADM Connectivity
• Omnibus
29 express ch
32 ch
WDM
• From terminal to OADM, or from
OADM to OADM
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DIFFERENCES FROM OLD SYSTEM
• REGs
• FIBRES REQUIREMENT
• LASERS
• TYPES OF COMPONENTS
• CAPACITY
• FIBRE TRANSMISSION BEHAVIOUR
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ADVANTAGES OF DWDM
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Why Optical (DWDM) Networking?
• Fibre Exhaust : Unlimited bandwidth on a fibre pair
• Bit Rate Transparency
• Format/Protocol Transparency : IP, ATM etc.
• Efficient use and rearrangement of embedded optical
capacity as per demand.
• Minimal Capital Expenditure : Capacity Expansions
Demand
• Simpler Operations : Embedded DCC ---> Limited Nes -->
Alarm Storm
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Economics of WDM
• Saving of regeneration costs:
one optical amplifier for many channels regeneration
cost per channel drastically reduced
• Saving of fibres/fibre shortage
Cost effective compared to laying new fibres
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DWDM Components
• Transmit
• Receive
• Repeater
• Add Drop
• Distribution: Cross connects
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OPTICAL NETWORK ELEMENTS
TP
ODEMUX
OMUX
TP
OA OADM OXC
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OPTIONAL
REGENERATOR
Electrical
O/E REGENERATION
E/O
TRANSPONDER / TRANSLATOR /
WAVELENGTH CONVERTOR
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Optical Multiplexers & Filters
W\L FILTER
W\L
MULTIPLEXER
W\L ROUTER
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OPTICAL ADD DROP MUX
D M
COUPLER
CIRCULATOR
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OPTICAL CROSSCONNECT
T
T
T
INPUT FIBRE
SWITCH T
LINKS
MATRIX T
T
T
T
WAVELENGTH
TRIBUTARY ADAPTATION
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LINKS D N Sahay
OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS
Isolator Isolator
Coupler Coupler
Erbium-doped
Fiber-(10-50 m) Pump
Pump
laser laser
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NMS FOR DWDM SYSTEMS
• NMS IN CONVENTIONAL SDH SYSTEMS:
– DCC: TIME SLOTS
• DWDM – NO TIME SLOTS
– WAVELENGTH SLOTS
– ONE WAVELENGTH IS DEDICATED FOR N.M.S.
• OPTICAL SUPERVISORY CHANNEL
• OSC needs to be accessed at all points in the network
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Optical Supervisory Channel
(OSC)
Line Terminal Equipment In-line Amplifier Line Terminal Equipment
1 1
Tx 1 Rx
2 2
Tx 2 Rx
3 3
Tx 3 Rx
DATA IN
4 4
Tx 4 Rx
5 5
Tx 5 Rx
6 6
Tx 6 Rx
7 + supervisory 7
Tx 7 Rx
8 8
Tx 8 Rx
Tx sup Rx sup
Rx Tx
System Control System Control
Processor OSC Processor
Tuesday, June 12, 2018 Network Management
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OPTICAL BANDS
• EXTENSIVE USE OF WAVELENGTHS
– DIFFERENT VENDORS:INTEROPERABILITY ISSUES
– NEED FOR STANDARD WAVELENGTH VALUES
• ITU Classification of bands
• Standard values : ITU Grid
– Center frequency: 193.10THz (1552.52 nm)
– Standard spacings of 200, 100, 50 GHz for different applications
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ITU-T BAND ALLOCATION
Optical
C BAND L BAND
Supervisory
channel BLUE RED
BAND BAND
1500 1520 1530 1542 1547 1560 1620
• C BAND PRODUCTS ARE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE.
• ERBIUM DOPED FIBRE AMPLIFIERS SUITABLE FOR
‘C’ BAND.
• GAIN IN RED BAND FLATTEST FOR EDFA.
• SOME MANUFACTURERS PROVIDE 16 CHANNELS IN
RED BAND ONLY. OTHERS USE BOTH RED
& BLUE BANDS.
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ITU –T G.692 Frequency Grid
Nominal Central Nominal Central Nominal Central
Central (nm) Central (nm) Central (nm)
(THz) (THz) (THz)
196.1 1528.77 194.7 1539.77 193.3 1550.92
196.0 1529.55 194.6 1540.56 193.2 1551.72
195.9 1530.33 194.5 1541.35 193.1 1552.52
195.8 1531.12 194.4 1542.14 193.0 1553.33
195.7 1531.90 194.3 1542.92 192.9 1554.13
195.6 1532.68 194.2 1543.73 192.8 1554.94
195.5 1533.47 194.1 1544.53 192.7 1555.75
195.4 1534.25 194.0 1545.32 192.6 1556.55
195.3 1535.04 193.9 1546.12 192.5 1557.36
195.2 1535.82 193.8 1546.92 192.4 1558.17
195.1 1536.61 193.7 1547.72 192.3 1558.98
195.0 1537.40 193.6 1548.51 192.2 1559.79
194.9 1538.19 193.5 1549.32 192.1 1560.61
194.8 1539.77
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1550.12
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LIMITATIONS
• DWDM TRANSMISSION IS ANALOG.
THE IN LINE AMPLIFIERS ARE
ALSO ANALOG.
THIS IMPLIES THAT THE SIGNAL TO
NOISE RATIO WORSENS WITH
DISTANCE.
• TO KEEP THE BER WITHIN LIMITS,
THE SIGNALS ARE REQUIRED TO BE
3R PROCESSED IN ELECTRICAL
DOMAIN.
• FIBRE DISPERSION IS ANOTHER
LIMITATION.
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LIMITATIONS
• THE MAXIMUM DISTANCE IS 640 Kms
MADE OF 8 SPANS OF 80 Kms. THE
ASSUMPTIONS ARE:
* FIBRE ATT INCLUDING SPLICE
LOSS IS 0.28 dB/km
* SPAN LOSS OF 22 dB.
* TOTAL DISPERSION IS LESS
THAN 12800 ps/nm.
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New Applications with DWDM
• Long Distance
– Longer Regenerator spacing: Hundreds to
Thousands of Kilometers
– Saving of Regenerators
– Very Low Bandwidth Cost
– Scalability
– Very Fast Commissioning of Optical Paths:
Within a week as compared to several months/
year with old technologies
– Advanced Networking Capabilities
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New Applications with DWDM
• Metropolitan Area Network
– Unlimited Bandwidth, bit rate and format
transparency
– Efficient Bandwidth use and Management
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New Applications with DWDM
• High speed parallel Data Transport
– Certain Computer Applications Require that
Computer Centres be interconnected with
multiple high speed channels that have capacity
and availability requirements, as well as
interlink delay restrictions that can not be met
by TDM Transport Systems.
– In General, DWDM Optical Transport Benefits
all Delay Sensitive Applications
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New Applications with DWDM
• Wavelength Leasing
– Network Customers are beginning to demand
high capacity Network Transport that affords
high reliability and security, as well as
segmentations from the providers Network
– A spare Wavelength (Leased ) is used to
provide clear-channel transport to a customer
– The Customer’s Bandwidth requirements are
cleanly separated from the providers core
Network Needs.
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Thank You
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