Anatomy and Physiology of
Vestibular System
Presentation
Ratna Windyaningrum
Supervisor
DR.Wijana,dr.,Sp.T.H.T.K.L.(K), FICS
Dept of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery
Hasan Sadikin General Hospital
Bandung
2018
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Introduction
thevestibular system has two broad
functions — the maintenance of balance
and the maintenance of stable gaze.
The vestibular end organs comprise the
otolith organs (the utricle and saccule) and
the three semicircular canals (lateral,
superior, and posterior).
Lee’s, K.J. essential otolaryngology head and neck.2008
Vestibular Function and Anatomy
The function of the vestibular
system is to sense motions of the
head and to convert the sensed
motions into information useful to
the nervous system
The membranous labyrinth is
completely surrounded by the bony
labyrinth of the petrous bone and is
immersed in perilymph 3
Lee’s, K.J. essential otolaryngology head and neck.2008
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John PC, Charles CDS. Principles of Applied Vestibular Physiology in Cummings Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery. Fifth Edition.
Mosby Elsevier. Philadelphia. 2010. p.2276-2304
Anatomy of vestibular
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A. Beliz. Brief review of vestibular system anatomy and its higher order projections. Neuroanatomy. 2005. 4:
24–27
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Roland PS, Rutka JA,.Physiology of the Vestibular System in Ototoxicity,.
BC Decker Inc Hamilton • London 2004
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THE UTRICLE
Irregularly shape THE MACULA UTRICLE
membranous
Roughly circular.
tube.
Surface area 4 mm2.
Receptor cells :
> saccule.
31.000.
Superior portion of the
Lies behind the utricle.
saccule.
The horizontal plane.
Sensitive :
linear movement.
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Bailey’s head and neck surgery otolaryngology 5 edition.2014
THE SACCULE
Ovoid membranous. THE MACULA SACCULI
Plate like structure.
Saccule ductus
Surface area 2 mm2 .
reuniens cochlear
duct. Sensory cell : 16.000.
Parasagital plane.
Not comunicated with Sensitive :
utricle.
up – down translation,
horizontal motion.
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Bailey’s head and neck surgery otolaryngology 5 edition.2014
Anatomy of vestibular
@ Utrikulus → horziontal
@ Sakulus →vertikal.
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Holt C, Newlands SD. Vestibular function and anatomy. 2014
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END ORGAN SENSORS
Hair Cells
Similar to those in the cochlea
Two types of cell bodies:
Type I cell is totally engulfed by
one afferent terminal, chalice
cell
Type II can be one or more
afferent nerve endings on the
body of the cells, cylindrical hair
cell
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Bailey’s head and neck surgery otolaryngology 5 edition.2014
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Bailey’s head and neck surgery otolaryngology 5 edition.2014
Different betwen kinosilia
and stereosilia
@ Kinosilia @ Stereosilia
-the longest silia and is located
near the edge of the tip hair cells - consist in collum and row
- Posision of kinosilia determining - as near as kinocilia ,stereosilia is
the orientation of hair cells longer
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Bailey’s head and neck surgery otolaryngology 5 edition.2014
THE VESTIBULAR NEUROEPITHELIA
THE OTOCONIA MEMBRANE
A sheet of gelatinous material, blankets the surface
of neuroepithelium.
Have a crystalline mass (otoconia).
The otoconia :
Composed of CaCO3
NERVES OF THE INNER EAR
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Vascular supply of the inner ear
Roeser, Valente, Hosford-Dunn.
Audiology : Diagnosis. Thieme Medical publishers, Inc., New York. 2000
Phisiology of Vestibular System
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Linear and Angular Accelerations
The vestibular system must be able to detect the same
kind of linear and angular motions so that the brain can
estimate the orientation of the body in space
An important additional piece of information needed for
orientation is a direction of the so-called gravity
vertical. Among other things, this allows humans to
maintain vertical stance
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Linear and Angular Accelerations
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Semicircular Canals
There is an enlargement, the ampulla,
at one point on the torus.
A gelatinous flap, the cupula,
completely seals one side of the
ampulla from the other.
Since the ampulla is elastic, any
pressure difference across it will cause
it to deflect.
.
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.Bailey’s head and neck surgery otolaryngology 5 edition.2014
Organizing Principles
Four important organizing principles :
1. The three semicircular canals three sensors of angular
acceleration
2. The two linear acceleration sensors (saccule and utricle)
3. The right and left inner structures are mirror images of each other
4. Reliability is increased by using redundant right and left ear
measurement channels.
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From Acceleration to Information
The elements used in these three
steps are an inertial mass, one or
more sensory hair cells, and the
nerve fibers connected to the
hair cells via synaptic junctions
Newton’s second law F=ma
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.Bailey’s head and neck surgery otolaryngology 5 edition.2014
Pairing of Canals
The six semicircular canals combine into
three pairs in a way that uses these two
asymmetries together to minimize the
functional asymmetry of the neural
response to head angular acceleration
sensitivity to excitation than
to inhibition
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.Bailey’s head and neck surgery otolaryngology 5 edition.2014
Vestibular Reflex
• Vestibular Ocular Reflex (VOR)
• Vestibulo-spinal Reflex (VSR)
• Vestibulo-collic Reflex
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Vestibular-ocular Reflex (VOR)
The VOR generates compensatory eye movements in order to stabilize
gaze during head motion (i.e. Rotation of head to the left results in
rightward compensatory eye movement)
Dizziness-and-balance.com BPPV link. Available at: http://www.dizziness-and-balance.com. Accessed July 1, 2010.
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Sherifa AH, Amal ME. Peripheral and central Vestibular function in patients with migraine. Journal Of Neurology And Neuroscience.
2012. Vol 3 No 1:4
Vestibulo-spinal Reflex (VSR)
Maintains vertical alignment of the trunk
When the head tips in one direction, the body elongates to that side and
shortens on the other
Vestibulo-collic Reflex (VCR)
Activates the neck musculature to stabilize the head in space
Compensates for displacements of the head that occur during gait
Dizziness-and-balance.com BPPV link. Available at: http://www.dizziness-and-balance.com. Accessed July 1, 2010.
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Barin K, Duran JD. Applied physiology of the vestibular system. Dalam: Lambert PR, penyunting: The ear
comprehensive otology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins; 2000. h. 113-39.
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Barin K, Duran JD. Applied physiology of the vestibular system. Dalam: Lambert PR,
penyunting: The ear comprehensive otology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins;
2000. h. 113-39.
Vestibular Function and Anatomy
HIGHLIGHTS
The vestibular system is an inertial guidance system in vertebrates made up
of two or more sensors of linear acceleration and three or more sensors of
angular acceleration in each inner ear. The right and left inner-ear structures
are mirror images of each other.
Vestibular motion sensors use inertial elements connected to sensory hair
cells. Both the linear and angular acceleration sensors in the inner ear use a
three-step process to convert accelerations of the head into information
useful to the nervous system. The elements in these steps are inertia, sensory
hair cells, and nerve fibers connected to the hair cells.
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Vestibular Function and Anatomy
HIGHLIGHTS
Vestibular organs are arranged by pairs in functional planes. The right and
left lateral semicircular canals lie in the same plane. The anterior vertical
canal on one side is nearly in the same plane as the posterior vertical canal on
the other, thus forming a pair of functional canals. The otolith organs are
paired in a similar way.
Head movements produce compensatory reflexive eye movements. When
the head moves, the vestibuloocular reflex tends to stabilize the image of an
object in space on the retina by producing an eye movement compensatory to
the head movement.
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Vestibular Function and Anatomy
HIGHLIGHTS
Vestibular sensory hair cells are arranged in
orderly arrays. The orientation of a hair cell is
defined by the orientation of its kinocilia. This is
known as morphologic polarization. There is a
corresponding physiologic attribute called
functional polarization, which means that the hair
cell is most sensitive to displacements along its
anatomically defined polarization vector.
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