Organic Chemistry

Chapter 12
 Organic Compounds
• Organic chemistry • Majority of known
– Study of compounds compounds are organic
with carbon as the • Carbon valence = 4
primary element
(tetravalent)
• Inorganic chemistry – Can combine with 1, 2, 3,
– Study of all other or 4 other C atoms &
compounds other kinds of atoms
• Organic compound – Molecular combinations
– Contains carbon as virtually limitless BUT…
primary element – Characteristic bonding
• Inorganic compound patterns simplify the
study of organic
– Any other compound chemistry
 Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons-
Organic compounds
containing only carbon
and hydrogen
• Simplest hydrocarbon =
methane
• Thousands of other
possibilities
• Carbon-carbon bonds
– Covalent, can form
chains
– Single, double, triple
bonds
Alkanes
• Alkanes- Hydrocarbons
with all single carbon-
carbon bonds

• Isomers– compounds
that have the same
molecular formula but a
different structure
– Straight chains
– Branches
– Ring structures
 Alkenes and Alkynes
• Alkenes
– Hydrocarbons with a
double carbon-carbon
bond
– Simplest = ethylene
• Alkynes
– Hydrocarbons with a
triple carbon-carbon
bond
– Simplest = acetylene
 Cycloalkanes and Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
• Ring, or cyclic,
structures

• Aromatic
hydrocarbons
– Based on benzene,
C6H6, structure
 Naming Hydrocarbons
• Naming Alkanes

– 1) Locate the longest continuous carbon chain  base name; the

number of carbons tells the prefix and the base name ends in
“- ane.”

– 2) Number carbons from either end giving attached groups lowest

numbers.

– 3) Use prefixes for attached groups and end in “-yl.”

• Prefixes
• meth 1C hex 6C
• eth 2C hept 7C
• prop 3C oct 8C
• but 4C non 9C
• pent 5C dec 10 C
• Naming Alkenes
– a) Longest chain must contain double bond.
– b) Carbons must be numbered from end nearest
double bond.
– c) Base name ends in “-ene.”
– d) Base name is given a number which identifies
the location of the double bond.

• Naming Alkynes
– a) Same as alkenes but change base to “-yne”
and name longest chain with triple bond.
• Naming Cycloalkanes and
Cycloalkenes

– a) Number carbons in ring structure giving

attached groups lowest number.
– b) Name using rules from alkanes and
alkenes.
– c) Add “cyclo” before the name.
 Petroleum
• _________ - Mixture of
alkanes, cycloalkanes and
some aromatics
• Believed to have formed
from buried _________ life
• ____ _______–
accumulation of petroleum in
porous rock
• _______ ____
– Petroleum pumped from the
ground
– Distilled to separate into
individual components
 Petroleum Products
• Natural gas: 95% __________
• Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) by compression
and cooling: _________ & _________
• __________
– May have 5-12 carbon atoms per molecule
– Pentane to dodecane
• Others: kerosene, diesel fuel, motor oil,
petroleum jelly, paraffin wax, asphalt,…
 Hydrocarbon Derivatives
• ____________
Derivatives
– Formed when one or
more hydrogen atoms
are __________ by
another element or group
of elements

• ___________ groups
– Responsible for chemical
__________ of organic
compound
Alcohols
• One or more ________
(-OH) functional groups
• General formula - ROH
• ___________ - solution
of ethanol and gasoline
• Two hydroxyl groups -
_________
– Ethylene glycol,
antifreeze
• Three hydroxyl groups -
glycerol
 Ethers, Aldehydes and
Ketones
• ________ - ROR
– ________ is functional group
– Diethylether – used as
anesthetic in past, today
laboratory solvent.
• _____________ - RCHO
– One hydrocarbon, R, group at
most or a H
– Formaldehyde - embalming,
plastics
• __________ - RCOR
– Two hydrocarbon groups
– Acetone - paint and nail polish
remover
• Carbonyl group _________ is
functional group
 Organic Acids and Esters
• __________ _______
(carboxylic acids) -
RCOOH
– Carboxyl functional group:
-COOH
– Formic acid, acetic acid,
citric acid, lactic acid …
• _________: RCOOR
– Common in plants and
animals
– Lighter molecules:
characteristic odors and
_______ of fruits and flowers
– Heavier molecules: odorless
______ and oils
 Organic Compounds of Life
• Organisms use Types of
energy and matter macromolecules
from surroundings to 1. ____________
build large 2. ____________
macromolecules
(_____________) 3. ____________
4. ____________
 Proteins
• ________ - Macromolecular
polymers made up of
______ acids.
• _____________
– Linked by ________ bonds
• Sequence of amino acids in
chain determines
___________ properties
– _________: 86 amino acids
in chain
• Regulates blood sugar
level
– ___________: chain of 146
amino acids
• Carries oxygen in the
bloodstream
Carbohydrates
• Polyhydroxyl aldehydes and
ketones
• _______________
– Simple sugars
– Smallest units with
carbohydrate characteristics
• _______________
– Comprised of two bonded
monosaccharides
• _______________
– Monosaccharide polymers
– Starches, cellulose
 Synthetic Polymers
• _________ • _________ polymers
– Huge, chainlike • Some derived from
molecules made up cellulose
of smaller, repeating – Celluloid: the first plastic
units called (1862)
monomers – Rayon
– Cellophane
• ________ polymers
• Others derived from
– Cellulose smaller molecules
– Wool – polyvinyl chloride,
– Silk polystyrene,
polyethylene, Teflon, …