Dr. Djoko Santoso Mkes .
DAHK
Laboratorium Anatomi –Histologi
General structue of Cartilage
Cartilage consist of :
Cellular components
Extra cellular Matrix components
Perichondrium
Cellular components e.g :
Chondroblast produces the Extra Cellular Matrix
Chondrocyte, develop to isogenous cell , located in matrix
cavities called lacunae
Extra cellular Matrixs components composed of:
₋ Fibers : collagen, Elastic
₋ Ground substance : hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans, and
small amounts of several glycoproteins
• variation in matrix composition three forms of
cartilage
– hyaline cartilage: type II collagen
– elastic cartilage : collagen type II, an abundance of
elastic fibers within its matrix.
– Fibrocartilage : type I collagen fibers.
Perichondrium components
• is a sheath of dense connective tissue that
surrounds cartilage in most places, forming
an interface between the cartilage and the
tissues supported by the cartilage.
• The perichondrium harbors the cartilage’s
vascular supply, as well as nerves and lymphatic
vessels.
• Articular cartilage, which covers the surfaces of
bones in movable joints,
• lacks perichondrium and is sustained by the
diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the synovial
fluid.
Hyaluronic
acid Proteoglycan
Type II
collagen fibril
• Function of cartyilage :
– firm consistency of the ECM allows the tissue to
bear mechanical stresses without permanent
distortion.
– In the respiratory system cartilage forms a
framework supporting soft tissues.
– a shock-absorbing and sliding area for joints and
facilitates bone movements.
– essential for the development and growth of long
bones, both before and after birth
Vascularitation of cartilage
• avascular
• nourished by the diffusion of nutrients from
capillaries in adjacent connective tissue
(perichondrium) or from synovial fluid in joint
cavities.
• lacks lymphatic vessels and nerves.
Hyaline Cartilage
• Fresh hyaline cartilage is bluish-white
and translucent.
• embryo, it serves as a temporary
skeleton until it is gradually replaced by
bone
• located in :
– the articular surfaces of the movable joints,
– the walls of larger respiratory passages
(nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi),
– the ventral ends of ribs, where they
articulate with the sternum,
– the epiphyseal plate, where it is responsible
for the longitudinal growth of bone
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
• Fresh elastic cartilage has a yellowish
color owing to the presence of elastin in
the elastic fibers.
• contains an abundant network of fine
elastic fibers in addition to collagen
type II fibrils
• Found to be gradually continuous with
hyaline cartilage.
• Perichondrium(+)
• Found in the auricle of the ear, the walls
of the external auditory canals, the
auditory (eustachian) tubes, the
epiglottis, and the cuneiform cartilage in
the larynx.
Fibrocartilage
• Fibrocartilage is a tissue intermediate
between dense connective tissue and
hyaline cartilage.
• It is found in intervertebral disks, in
attachments of certain ligaments,
and in the pubic symphysis
• Fibrocartilage contains chondrocytes
• Because it is richer in collagen type I,
the fibrocartilage matrix is more
acidophilic.
CHONDROGENESIS
Mesenchymal cells embryonal cartilage
cartilage
• 2 type chondrogenesis :
Intersitial / endogenous
Appositional / exogenous
Chondrogenesis
chondroblasts isogenous aggregates
separated from one another by their own
Embryonic mesenchyme production of various matrix components
Clinical Relationship
Bone
BONE
1. General Features of Bone[as Charasteristic]
2. General Structure of the Bone
3. Bone Types
4. Process of Bone Formation
5. Clinical relationship -
bone regeneration
General structure of the Bone
Bone composed by :
• Matrix inter cellular
• Cellular
Bone Matrix
• Highly vascularized to aid diffusion in calcified matrix
• Organic components of bone resist tension, whereas
mineral components resist compression
• Major component is coarse type I collagen fibers
• Glycoprotein components bind to calcium crystals
during
mineralization
• Hormones from parathyroid and thyroid glands
responsible
for proper mineral content of blood
Bone Cells
• Osteoprogenitor cells are located in the
periosteum, endosteum, osteons, and perforating
canals
• Osteoblasts are on the bone surfaces and
synthesize osteoid matrix
• Osteocytes are mature osteoblasts, are branched,
are located in lacunae, and use canaliculi for
communication and exchange
• Osteocytes maintain homeostasis of bone and
blood concentrations of calcium and phosphate
Bone Cells
1. Osteoprogenitor cells
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteocytes
4. Osteoclasts
Osteoprogenitor cells
• undifferentiated, pluripotential stem cells
• derived from the connective tissue mesenchyme.
• located on the inner layer of connective tissue periosteum
and in the single layer of internal endosteum that lines the
marrow cavities, osteons (Haversian system), and
perforating canals in the bone.
• The main functions of periosteum and endosteum are
nutrition of bone and to provide continuous supply of new
osteoblasts for growth, remodeling, and bone repair.
• During bone development, osteoprogenitor cells proliferate
by mitosis and differentiate into osteoblasts, which then
secrete collagen fibers and the bony matrix.
Osteoblasts
• present on the surfaces of bone.
• They synthesize, secrete, and deposit osteoid,
the organic components of new bone matrix.
• Osteoid is uncalcified and does not contain
any minerals; however, shortly after its
deposition, it is rapidly mineralized and
becomes bone
Osteocytes
• the mature form of osteoblasts
• the principal cells of the bone;
• smaller then osteoblasts.
• trapped by the surrounding bone matrix that
was produced by osteoblasts.
• Osteocytes lie in the cavelike lacunae and are
very close to a blood vessel.
Osteoclasts
• large, multinucleated cells
• do not belong to the osteoprogenitor cell line, but the
osteoclasts originate from the fusion of blood or hemopoietic
progenitor cells that belong to the mononuclear macrophage-
monocyte cell line of the bone marrow.
• The main function is bone resorption during remodeling
(renewal or restructuring).
• Osteoclasts are often located on the resorbed surfaces or in
shallow depressions in the bone matrix called Howship’s
lacunae.
• Lysosomal enzymes released by osteoclasts erode these
depressions.
Characteristics of Bone
• Consists of cells, fibers, and extracellular material
• Mineral deposits in bone matrix produce hard structure for
protecting various organs
• Functions in hemopoiesis and as reservoir for calcium and
minerals
• Continually remodeled in response to mineral needs,
mechanical stress, thinning, or disease
• Maintain normal calcium levels in blood, critical to
functions of numerous organs and life
• Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone
and release calcium into blood
• Hormone from thyroid gland inhibits osteoclast action and
decreases bone resorption
Process of Bone Formation
• Bone development begins in the embryo by
two distinct processes:
endochondral
ossification
same
histologic
intramembranous structures
ossification
Process of Bone Formation
1. Endochondral Ossification
• In endochondral ossification, hyaline cartilage model calcifies
and cells die
• Mesenchyme cells in periosteum differentiate into
osteoprogenitor cells and form osteoblasts
• Osteoblasts synthesize osteoid matrix, which calcifies and
traps osteoblasts in lacunae as osteocytes
• Osteocytes establish cell-to-cell communication via canaliculi
• Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis and secondary
center of ossification in epiphysis
• Epiphyseal plate between diaphysis and epiphysis allows for
growth in bone length
• All cartilage is replaced except the articular cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage Model
Endochondral Ossification
Development of Osteons
(Haversian Systems)
2. Intramembranous Ossification
– Bone develops directly from osteoblasts that produce
the
osteoid matrix
– Initially form spongy bone that consists of trabeculae
– Mandible, maxilla, clavicle, and flat skull bones are
formed
by this process
– Fontanelles in newborn skull represent areas where
intramembranous ossification is occurring
Intramembranous Ossification
Adult Bone /Bone Types
Consist 2 types :
- compact bone outer part
- cancellous bone inner surface
Compact bone
• In compact bones, collagen fibers arranged in lamellae
• Lamellae deep to the periosteum are outer
circumferential
lamellae
• Lamellae surrounding the blood vessels, nerves, and
loose
connective tissue are osteons
• Within an osteon is the central canal, which is found in
most compact bone
Bone Lamellas :
• Interstitial lamell : between Haversian system and
circumferential ext lamellae =
• L. generalisata externa : near the periosteum, paralel the
surface
• Lam Circumferential int = L. generalisata interna
• Near the endosteum, the lamells paralel to the bone cavity
is called Sharpey’s fibers consist collagen fibers that
binding the periosteum to the bone
Function: strenghtening the connection of the bone and the
periosteum
Osteon = Haversian system
composed :
• Haversian canal
• Haversian lamells / concentric lamells
• Osteocyt within the lacuna
• Cytoplasmic process of the osteocyt
radierly to canaliculi
• Canaliculi connect lacuna – lacuna
• Volkmann canal : connect two Haversian
canals
Cancellous Bone
• composed of numerous bony trabeculae separated by
the marrow cavity
• Bony trabeculae are lined by a thin inner layer of cells
called the endosteum
• Osteoprogenitor cells in endosteum give rise
to osteoblasts.
• Formed bone matrix contains numerous osteocytes in
lacunae.
• The large, multinuclear osteoclasts are eroding or
remodeling the formed bone matrix. Osteoclasts erode
part of the bone through enzymatic action and lie in
the eroded depressions called the Howship’s lacunae
Bone specivity:
1. Canaliculi system (+)
2. >>> blood vessels. Capilaries in the Haversian
canal and Volkmann canal
3. Adult Bone development : appositional
Embryonal bone development:
* intramembranous/ desmal and
* intracartilaginous/ endochondral
Cancellous Bone
Compact Bone
Compact Bone
CLINICAL RELATIONSHIP -
BONE REGENERATION
• Fracture Hemorhage Blood Clot
Fibroblast Granulation Tissue (Procallus)
Temporary Callus (Unite The Fractured
Bone)
• Osteoblast ( Form The Periost And
Endosteum) Immature Callus Spongy
Bone Compact Bone
Steps in the fracture repair
TERIMAKASIH
