DBMS

 Data: known facts that can be recorded. Ex 89

 Information : Processed form of data which is

meaningful .ex : Marks =89

 Database- collection of related data

1
BASIC DEFINITIONS

 Database Management System (DBMS): A

software system used to create and maintain
database.

 Database System: The DBMS software having

data . Sometimes, the applications are also
included.
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)

 Database Applications:
 Banking: all transactions
 Airlines: reservations, schedules
 Universities: registration, grades
 Sales: customers, products, purchases
 Online retailers: order tracking, customized
recommendations
 Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply
chain
 Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
 Databases touch all aspects of our lives 3
 DATA BASE AND DATA BASE USERS 4
Users/Programmers

DATABASE
SYSTEM Application Programmer / Queries

DBMS
SOFTWA Software to Process
RE Queries/Programs

data
Software to access stored data

Stored4
Stored
database
database
(metadata)

Figure1.1:A simplified database system environment ,illustrating the concepts

and terminology discussed in section 1.1.
DBMS FUNCTIONALITY

 Define a database : in terms of data

types, structures and constraints
 Construct or Load the Database on a
secondary storage medium
 Manipulating the database : querying,
generating reports, insertions, deletions
and modifications to its content
 Concurrent Processing and Sharing
by a set of users and programs – yet,
keeping all data valid and consistent
EXAMPLE OF A DATABASE
(WITH A CONCEPTUAL DATA MODEL)

 Mini-worldfor the example: Part of a

UNIVERSITY environment.
 Some mini-world entities:
 STUDENTs
 COURSEs
 SECTIONs (of COURSEs)
 (academic) DEPARTMENTs
 INSTRUCTORs
Note: The above could be expressed in the
ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP data model.
FILES BASED SYSTEM DISADVANTAGES

 Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:

 Data redundancy and inconsistency
 Multiple file formats, duplication of information in
different files
 Difficulty in accessing data
 Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
 Data isolation — multiple files and formats
 Integrity problems
 Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become
“buried” in program code rather than being stated explicitly
 Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones

 Security problems
 Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data

7
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DATABASE APPROACH

 Self-describing nature of a database system:

A DBMS catalog stores the description of
the database. The description is called meta-
data). This allows the DBMS software to
work with different databases.
 Insulation between programs and data:
Called program-data independence.
Allows changing data storage structures and
operations without having to change the
DBMS access programs.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DATABASE APPROACH

 Data Abstraction: A data model is

used to hide storage details and present
the users with a conceptual view of the
database.
 Support of multiple views of the data:
Each user may see a different view of
the database, which describes only the
data of interest to that user.
 Sharing of data and multiuser
transaction processing :
3-TIER ARCHITECTURE
 Physical level: describes how a record (e.g.,
customer) is stored.
 Logical level: describes data stored in database,
and the relationships among the data.
type customer = record
customer_id : string;
customer_name : string;
customer_street : string;
customer_city : string;
end;
 External view level: application programs hide
details of data types. Views can also hide
information (such as an employee’s salary) for
security purposes.
10
VAn
IEW OF DATA
architecture for a database system

11
 INSTANCES AND SCHEMAS

 Schema – overall description of the database

 ex: cust_id : string;
cust_name : string;
cust_street : string;
cust_city : string;
 2 Types of schema :

 Physical schema: database design at the physical

level
 Logical schema: database design at the logical
level
 Instance – the actual content of the database at a
particular point in time 12
DATA INDEPENDENCE
 Physical Data Independence – the ability to
modify the physical schema without changing the
logical schema

 Logical Data Independence- the ability to

modify the logical schema without changing the
external view

13
RELATIONAL MODEL
Attributes
 Example of tabular data in the relational model

14
A SAMPLE RELATIONAL DATABASE

15
THE ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL
 It is collection of entities and relationships
 Entity: real life “object” in the enterprise

 Relationship: an association among several entities

 Represented diagrammatically by an entity-
relationship diagram:

16
SQL

 SQL: widely used non-procedural language

 Example: Find the name of the customer with customer-id
192-83-7465
select cust_name
from customer
where cust_id = ‘192’

 Example: Find the balances of all accounts held by the

customer with customer-id 192-83-7465
select balance
from depositor, account
where cust_id = ‘192’

17
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)

 Specification notation for defining the database

schema
Example: create table account (
account_number char(10),
branch_name char(10),
balance integer)

 DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a

data dictionary

18
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)
 Language for :
 accessing

 manipulating the data

 SQL is the most widely used query language

19
DATABASE USERS

Actors on the scene

 Database administrators(DBA):
responsible for authorizing access to the
database, for co-ordinating and monitoring
its use, acquiring software, and hardware
resources, controlling its use and monitoring
efficiency of operations.

 Casual: access database occasionally

when needed
CATEGORIES OF END-USERS

 Naïve or Parametric : they know

little about Dbms and databases.

 Sophisticated : these include business

analysts, scientists, engineers, others
thoroughly familiar with the system
capabilities..
ADVANTAGES OF USING THE DATABASE
APPROACH
 Controlling redundancy in data storage and in
development and maintenence efforts.
 Sharing of data among multiple users.
 Restricting unauthorized access to data.
 Providing persistent storage for program Objects
(in Object-oriented DBMS’s –
 Providing Storage Structures for efficient Query
Processing

Slid
e 1-
22
ADVANTAGES OF USING THE DATABASE
APPROACH

 Providing backup and recovery services.

 Providing multiple interfaces to different
classes of users.
 Representing complex relationships among
data.
 Enforcing integrity constraints on the
database.
 Drawing Inferences and Actions using rules
DATA MODELS
 Relational Model:-
 Collection of tables to represent data & relationship among
those data.
 Each table has multiple columns.
 Each column has a unique name.
 Figure 1.3: - Bank Customers

Name SSN Address City Account Number

A 1 X L 7
B 2 Y P 8
C 3 Z Q 9
D 4 M R 10
E 5 N S 11
F 6 O T 12
A 1 X L 13
24
NETWORK MODEL: -
Data Records
Relationship Links(Viewed as pointer)
 Records in the database are arranged as
collection of arbitrary graph.

25
HIERARCHICAL MODEL:
 Similar to network model in the sense of records &
links.
 Organized as collection of trees rather than graph.

26