History Assignment

on

Khilji Dynasty(1290-1320)
‫کلوجی خاندان‬
By: Shivang Awasthi
Prashant Armo
Khilji Dynasty(1290-
1320) CE
‫کلوجی خاندان‬
 Disputed Historica sources
Genuine primary sources and historical records
from 1260 to 1349 CE period have not been found.
Few exceptions are:
• Short chapter on Delhi Sultanate from 1302-1303
CE by Wassaf in Persia which covers the Balban
rule, start of Jalaluddin Khilji’s rule and
circumstances of succession of Alauddin Khalji.
• Amir Khusro’s semi-fictional poetry (mathnawis).
• Islami's epic of 1349 CE, Barani's work of 1357 CE
and Sirhindi's account of 1434 CE.
 Jalaluddin Khilji
• Khiljis were Turkish
tribe who lived in
Afghanistan.
• Jalaluddin Khilji had
served under Balban for
several years.
• In 1290, at the age of
seventy, he ascended
the throne and became
the emperor of Delhi
Sultanate.
 Ali Gurshap’s conspiracy
• Ali Gurshap was Jalaluddin’s nephew and son in law.
• His upbringing was done by Jalaluddin.
• In 1292 CE Jalaluddin made him the governor of Kara
and Oudh.
• In 1295, he raided Devagiri without informing
Jalaluddin.
• In 1296, he organized a conspiracy against Jalaluddin
and assassinated him.
• Soon after the assassination he ascended the throne as
Alauddin Khilji.
Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316) C.E
 The Second Sikander
• Alauddin liked to call himself the second Sikander or
Sikander-i-Sani.
• He possessed considerable administrative experience,
for he had served as Governor of Kara for a significant
period of time.
• In 1299, he marched against Gujarat.
• In 1301, he laid siege on Ranthambor.
• In successive years he conquered Warangal, Ujjain,
Chittor, Siwana, Malwa, Dhar, Chanderi.
• His slave, Malik Kafur, undertook several campaigns
against the southern kingdoms of the Kakatiyas,
Hoysalas and Pandyas.
 Administration
• Alauddin khilji introduced a very healthy and effective
administration.
• Soon after ascending the throne, his initial objective
was to crush the series of revolts.
• Therefore he organized a powerful Army.
• In fact, he was the first Sultan of Delhi Sultanate to
establish a permanent standing army.
• In the field of administration, Alauddin made a
departure from the traditional Muslim practice.
• He declared that his aim was the good of the people.
 Administrative Policies
• Brought about various Market reforms.
• Banned consumption of wine, social meeting
and inter marriage among nobility.
• Employed spies among subjects.
• Suppressed numerous rebellions.
• Increased taxation.
 Central Administration
• The administration was centralized.
• King was the fountain head of administration.
• He was an absolute despot.
• He was the commander in chief of the Army, head of
the judiciary and the sole authority in enforcing
religious matters.
• The administration was free from the influence of
ulemas.
• Sultan appointed trusted ministers to assist
him in running the administration.
• There were 10 minister to assist him
• The advise, however, was not binding.
• Next to Sultan was the wazir.
• To know about revenue arrears he created
new posts of Shahna-i-Mandi and Dewan-i-
Riyasat.
 Provincial Administration
• The entire country was divided into 11
provinces.
• Each province was under a governor who
enjoyed his positions at the pleasure of the
sultan.
 Judicial Administration
• Sultan was relentless in
administering justice.
• He was the fountain head of
Justice.
• He was the final court of
appeal.
• Next to him was ‘Qazi-ul-
Qazat’.
• Punishments inflicted were
very severe.
• Mutilation of limbs and
torture were very common.
 Organization of postal system
• Proper postal system was
established by Alauddin
to furnish a regular
contact with various parts
of the empire.
• From the accounts of Ibn
Batutah and Barani it is
clear that significant
amount of workforce was
involved in postal
services.
Coins minted by Alauddin
 Market Reforms
• Alauddin brought about major market
reforms.
• Main objectives- 1).To Maintain a large and
efficient army for keeping the mongolism
check.
• 2). General Welfare of the citizens.
 Major Reforms
• Zawabit or detailed regulations were made to
control the prices of commodities like food grains
to horses,cattle etc. No change in price was
allowed without state’s permission.
• Cultivators were not allowed to hoard. Only 10
mound of grains were allowed to store.
• Four separate markets were established for
various commodities.
• Each market was put under the charge of a
Shuhna or controller of market.
• The Sultan received daily reports for the
markets from three independent sources-
Shuhna, barids(intelligence officers) and
munshis(secret spies).
• Shehna-i-mandi was appointed to keep a strict
vigil on cheating and under weighing.
• Some commodities were subsidized and such
commodities were sold by officers called
‘Parwana Rais”.
• There was also provision for rationing during
famine, drought or scarcity of food grains.
• Sara- I - adl was the market for clothes, which
was setup near the royal place at Badayun
Gate.
• Horse trade was monopoly of the Afghans
and. The middlemen and the Multanis sold
them in the market.
• Alauddin did away with the intermediaries
and asked the merchants to sell the horses
directly to the Diwan-i-arz.
 Impacts of Economic Regulations
• The economic regulations of Alauddin were the
greatest administrative achievement of sultanate
period.
• The prices remained steady and there was no
change in them even after lack of rain or other
causes.
• The success of these economic measures was
largely due to the genius and personal attention
of the sultan.
• These measures failed to survive his death
because they operated against economic laws.
Architecture
Ala- ud -din Khalji is credited with
the early Indo-Mohammedan
architecture, a style and
construction campaign that
flourished during Tughlaq dynasty.
Among works completed during
Khalji dynasty, are Alai Darwaza -
the southern gateway of Qutub
complex enclosure, the Idgah at
Rapri, and the Jamat Khana
(Khizri) Mosque in Delhi. The Alai
Darwaza, completed in 1311, was
included as part of Qutb Minar and
its Monuments were declared as
UNESCO World Heritage site in
1993.
 Downfall of Khilji Dynasty
• Alauddin’s confidant Malik Kafur assasinated
him.
• Qutubuddin Mubarak Shah Khilji was the son
of Alauddin Khilji.
• He escaped he wrath of Malik Kafur.
• Under Mubarak, the administration of Delhi
became unstable.
• Mubarak Shah left the conduct of state affairs
in the hands of Khusro Khan.
• He was an agent of the Sultan .
• At last in 1320, he murdered Mubarak Shah
and seized the throne.
• Khusro Khan abused the ill gotten title in the
most shameless manner.
• But his order of blood and violence did not
last long.
• Khusro was defeated and overthrown by
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq in 1320.
 Conclusion
• Jalaluddin Khilji laid the foundation of Khilji dynasty by
uprooting the slave dynasty.
• Ali Gurshap assassinated him and ascended the throne
as Alauddin Khilji.
• He extended the Khilji empire and was the strongest
emperor of Khilji dynasty.
• He was assassinated by his minister Malik Kafur.
• Khusro Khan succeeded Alauddi’s son Mubarak Shah.
• Khusro Khan was later defeated by Ghiyasuddin
Tughlaq who later established the Tughlaq Dynasty.
The Question isn’t who is going to
let me, Its who is going to stop me?
-Alauddin Khilji