Today’s agenda:

Plane Mirrors.
You must be able to draw ray diagrams for plane mirrors, and be able to calculate image
and object heights, distances, and magnifications.

Spherical Mirrors: concave and convex mirrors.

You must understand the differences between these two kinds of mirrors, be able to draw
ray diagrams for both kinds of mirrors, and be able to solve the mirror equation for both
kinds of mirrors.
Image Formed by a Plane Mirror

• point object A,
source of light

• reflected rays appear to come from A’  A’ is image of A

• outgoing rays do not actually cross  image is virtual
Image of an extended object

• every point of the object acts as light source

• every point has an image
• collection of image points form image of the object
Quantitative description

y y’

s s’
object distance s and image distance s’ s=-s’ *
object size y and image size y’ y=y’ These equations are not on
your equation sheet, but
 magnification m m=y’/y=1 they are special cases of the
mirror equations that are.

Plane mirrors produce images that are upright, virtual and of

the same size as the object (and reversed front-to-back)
*The – sign is needed because the image is behind the mirror. For general sign conventions see later.
Example: how tall must a full-length mirror be?

s s’

A light ray from the top of your head reflects directly back from
the top of the mirror.
 y/2

 
y/2

s s’

To reach your eye, a light ray from your foot must reflect
halfway up the mirror (because I = R = ).
 y/2

 
y/2

s s’

The mirror needs to be only half as tall as you.

This calculation assumed your eyes are at the top of your head.
Example: where is the image located (top view)?
Example: Image of a distant object. How large does the mirror
have to be?

Find some similar triangles! (Only one is fully shown in the

figure.)
Today’s agenda:

Plane Mirrors.
You must be able to draw ray diagrams for plane mirrors, and be able to calculate image
and object heights, distances, and magnifications.

Spherical Mirrors: concave and convex mirrors.

You must understand the differences between these two kinds of mirrors, be able to draw
ray diagrams for both kinds of mirrors, and be able to solve the mirror equation for both
kinds of mirrors.
Spherical Mirrors

• made from (polished) sections cut from

a spherical surface
• center of curvature C is center of
original sphere
• vertex V is center of mirror segment

• radius of curvature R is radius of

sphere, or the distance from V to C.
R
V
Principal Axis C

• principal axis (or optical axis) is line

passing through C and V
Paraxial rays (parallel to the principal axis) get reflected
through a common point the focal point or focus F.

C F V
The focal length f is the distance from P to F. Your text shows
that f = R/2.

f
C F P
Reality check: paraxial rays don’t really pass exactly through
the focal point of a spherical mirror (“spherical aberration”).

C F V
• spherical aberration is small if mirror is small compared to
R and if object is close to the principal axis
(We will assume this in this class and neglect the spherical aberration)

C F V

• aberrations could be reduced by using a

parabolic mirror instead of a spherical one
Today’s agenda:

Plane Mirrors.
You must be able to draw ray diagrams for plane mirrors, and be able to calculate image
and object heights, distances, and magnifications.

Spherical Mirrors: concave and convex mirrors.

You must understand the differences between these two kinds of mirrors, be able to draw
ray diagrams for both kinds of mirrors, and be able to solve the lens equation for both
kinds of mirrors.
Concave and Convex Mirrors

There are two kinds of spherical mirrors: concave and convex.

concave convex
F
Ray Diagrams for Mirrors

• use “principal rays” to construct images.

Ray 1 is parallel to the axis

and reflects through F.

Ray 2 passes through F

before reflecting parallel to
V
the axis. C F
Ray 3 passes through
C and reflects back on
itself.

Ray 4 goes to the vertex V and reflects under the same

angle below the optical axis
Ray Diagrams for Concave Mirrors
• image is formed where the outgoing rays cross
• two principle rays are sufficient to find image,
use third and fourth to check your diagram

Example:
• object outside center (s>2f)
 image is real, inverted,
and smaller than object
(“telescope”)
C F
• object between f and 2f
 image is real, inverted,
and larger than object
(“microscope”)

Real image: outgoing rays do cross. Can be captured on screen or by camera.

• object inside the focal point (s<f)
 image is virtual, upright, and larger than object
(“shaving mirror”)

Ray 1: parallel to the axis Ray 2: “through” F then parallel

then through F. to the axis.
Ray 3: “through” C.

C F

With this size object, there was a bit of spherical

aberration present, and I had to “cheat” my C a bit to
the left to make the diagram look “nice.”
The Mirror Equations

two equations govern image formation for mirrors:

• object and image distances
1 1 1
+ = f=R/2 or f= for a plane mirror.
s s' f
s
y f
• magnification (ratio of
image to object heights)
C y’ F
s’
y' s'
m= = -
y s
 1 1 1 y' s'
+ = m= = -
s s' f y s

Equations are useless without sign conventions!!!

• object distance s is s
positive if object is on
y f
side of incoming light C
y’ F
• image distance s’ is
positive if image is on s’
side of outgoing light

• focal length f and radius R

are positive if center is on
sign conventions valid
side of outgoing light for all mirrors and lenses

• image height y’ is positive if the image is upright

Handy quick reference card from Dr. Hale:

http://web.mst.edu/~hale/courses/Physics24/Quick.Reference.Cards/Card.5.mirror.lens.pdf
Example: a dime (height is 1.8 cm) is placed 100 cm away
from a concave mirror. The image height is 0.9 cm and the
image is inverted. What is the focal length of the mirror.

y=1.8 y’=-0.9 s=100

y' s'
m= = -
y s

-0.9 s'  -0.9 

=-  s' = - 100    = +50 cm
1.8 100  1.8 

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3
= + = + = + =
f s s' 100 50 100 100 100

100
f= = 33.3 cm
3
Example: a dime (height is 1.8 cm) is placed 100 cm away
from a concave mirror. The image height is 0.9 cm and the
image is inverted. What is the focal length of the mirror.

1 1 1 y' s'
+ = m= = -
s s' f y s

y f f = 33.3 cm

C y’ F
s’
s’, s, or f on reflecting side are +
y is – if image is inverted
 Applications of concave mirrors.

Shaving mirrors.

Makeup mirrors.

Kid scarers.

Solar cookers.

Ant fryers.

Flashlights, headlamps, stove reflectors.

Satellite dishes (not used for visible light but for EM waves of
the appropriate wave length).
Today’s agenda:

Plane Mirrors.
You must be able to draw ray diagrams for plane mirrors, and be able to calculate image
and object heights, distances, and magnifications.

Spherical Mirrors: concave and convex mirrors.

You must understand the differences between these two kinds of mirrors, be able to draw
ray diagrams for both kinds of mirrors, and be able to solve the lens equation for both
kinds of mirrors.
Ray Diagrams for Convex Mirrors

Ray 1: parallel to the axis Ray 2: “through” Vertex.

then “from” F.
Ray 3: “from” C.

F C
Ray 4: towards F,
then parallel.

• image is virtual, upright, and smaller

than object

Convex mirror has only one mode of operation, independent of s

The mirror equation still works for convex mirrors.
1 1 1 y' s'
+ = m= = -
s s' f y s

s
f
y s’
y’
F C

Because C and the image are not on the side of the outgoing
light, R, f and s’ are negative.
Example: a convex rearview car mirror has a radius of
curvature of 40 cm. Determine the location of the image and
its magnification for an object 10 m from the mirror.

The ray diagram looks like the one on the previous slide, but
with the object much further away (difficult to draw).
1 1 1
+ =
s s' f

1 1 1 1 1
=  = 
s' f s -0.2 m 10 m

Not on reflecting On reflecting

sidenegative. sidepositive.
 1 1 1
= 
s' -0.2 m 10 m

…algebra…

s' = - 0.196 m= -19.6 cm

s' -0.196 m 1
m= - = - =
s 10 m 51
 Applications of convex mirrors.

Passenger side rear-view mirrors.

Grocery store aisle mirrors.

Railroad crossing mirrors.

Anti-shoplifting (surveillance) mirrors.

Christmas tree ornaments.

 Summary: Image formation for Mirrors

Type Focal Object Image Character Orientation Size

length f distance s distance s’
plane  s>0 s’ < 0 virtual upright same

concave f>0 s > 2f f < s’ < 2f real inverted reduced

f < s < 2f s’ > 2f real inverted enlarged

s<f s’<0 virtual upright enlarged

convex f<0 s>0 s’ < 0 virtual upright reduced

 Summary of Sign Conventions

Here’s a summary of the mirror and lens (coming

soon) sign conventions

Object Distance. When the object is on the same side as

the incoming light, the object distance is positive (otherwise
is negative).

Image Distance. When the image is on the same side as

the outgoing light, the image distance is positive (otherwise
is negative). (negative image distance  virtual image)
(positive image distance  real image)

Radius of Curvature. When the center of curvature C is on

the same side as the outgoing light, R is positive (otherwise
is negative).
 I really don’t understand these ray diagrams!

If, like many students, you don’t understand ray diagrams, the
following supplementary (will not be covered in lecture) slides
may help.
For a concave lens, the center of curvature and focal point are
on the same side of the lens as the object.

C F

Concave Mirror
Light coming from the object parallel to the axis will always
reflect through F.

C F

Concave Mirror
Light coming from the object and passing through F before it
hits the mirror will always reflect parallel to the axis.

C F

Concave Mirror
Light coming from the object and passing through C before it
hits the mirror will always reflect back on itself.

C F

Concave Mirror
Light coming from the object and striking the vertex will reflect
off with an outgoing angle equal to the incoming angle. This is
often more difficult to draw (unless you measure the angle).


C 

Concave Mirror
For a convex lens, the center of curvature and focal point are
on the opposite side of the lens as the object. Light from the
object will never actually pass through C or F.

F C

Convex Mirror
Light coming from the object parallel to the axis will always
reflect back as if it had come from F.

F C
Follow the path of the light back “through” the
mirror to see where it appears to have come from.

Convex Mirror
Light coming from the object and directed at F will always
reflect back parallel to the axis.

F C
Follow the path of the light back “through” the
mirror to see where it appears to have come from.

Convex Mirror
Light coming from the object and directed at C will always
reflect back on itself.

F C
Follow the path of the light back “through” the
mirror to see where it appears to have come from.

Convex Mirror
Light coming from the object and striking the vertex will reflect
back with an outgoing angle equal to the incoming angle. This
is often more difficult to draw (unless you measure the angle).


 C
F
Follow the path of the light back “through” the
mirror to see where it appears to have come from.

Convex Mirror