Discovering Computers
2016
Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of
Technology
Chapter 5
Digital
Security,
Ethics, and
Privacy
Objectives Overview
Describe various types
Define the term, digital
of Internet and network
security risks, and
attacks, and explain
briefly describe the
ways to safeguard
types of cybercriminals
against these attacks
Discuss techniques to Explain the ways that
prevent unauthorized software manufacturers
computer access and protect against software
use piracy
Discuss how encryption,
digital signatures, and
digital certificates work
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Objectives
or in part.
Objectives Overview
Identify safeguards
Explain the options
against hardware theft,
available for backing up
vandalism, and failure
Recognize issues related
Identify risks and
to information accuracy,
safeguards associated
intellectual property
with wireless
rights, codes of conduct,
communications
and green computing
Discuss issues
surrounding information
privacy
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Objectives
or in part.
Digital Security Risks
• A digital security risk is any event or
action that could cause a loss of or
damage to a computer or mobile device
hardware, software, data, information, or
processing capability
• Any illegal act involving the use of a
computer or related devices generally is
referred to as a computer crime
• A cybercrime is an online or Internet-
based illegal act
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Digital Security Risks
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Figure 5-1 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
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Digital Security Risks
Hacker Cracker
Script kiddie Corporate spies
Unethical
Cyberextortionist
employees
Cyberterrorist
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Internet and Network Attacks
• Information
transmitted over
networks has a higher
degree of security
risk than information
kept on an
organization’s
premises
• Malware, short for
malicious software,
consists of programs
that act without a
user’s knowledge and
deliberately alter the
operations of
computers and
mobile devices
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Table 5-1 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
Internet and Network Attacks
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Figure 5-2 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
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Internet and Network Attacks
• A botnet is a group of compromised computers or
mobile devices connected to a network
– A compromised computer or device is known as a zombie
• A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts
computer access to an Internet service
– Distributed DoS attack (DDoS attack)
• A back door is a program or set of instructions in a
program that allow users to bypass security
controls
• Spoofing is a technique intruders use to make their
network or Internet transmission appear legitimate
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Internet and Network Attacks
• A firewall is hardware and/or
software that protects a network’s
resources from intrusion
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Figure 5-4 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
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Unauthorized Access and Use
Unauthorized access is Unauthorized use is the
the use of a computer use of a computer or its
or network without data for unapproved or
permission possibly illegal activities
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Unauthorized Access and Use
• Organizations
take several
measures to help
prevent
unauthorized
access and use
– Acceptable use
policy
– Disable file and
printer sharing
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Unauthorized Access and Use
• Access controls define who can access
a computer, device, or network; when
they can access it; and what actions
they can take while accessing it
• The computer, device, or network
should maintain an audit trail that
records in a file both successful and
unsuccessful access attempts
– User name
– Password
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Unauthorized Access and Use
• A passphrase is a private combination of words,
often containing mixed capitalization and
punctuation, associated with a user name that
allows access to certain computer resources
• A PIN (personal identification number),
sometimes called a passcode, is a numeric
password, either assigned by a company or
selected by a user
• A possessed object is any item that you must
possess, or carry with you, in order to gain access
to a computer or computer facility
• A biometric device authenticates a person’s
identity by translating a personal characteristic
into a digital code that is compared with a digital
code in a computer or mobile device verifying a
physical or behavioral characteristic
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Unauthorized Access and Use
Face
Fingerprint
recognition
reader
system
Hand Voice
geometry verification
system system
Signature
Iris recognition
verification
system
system
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Figures 5-8 – 5-11 15
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Unauthorized Access and Use
• Two-step verification uses two
separate methods, one after the
next, to verify the identity of a user
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Figure 5-12 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
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Unauthorized Access and Use
• Digital forensics is the discovery,
collection, and analysis of evidence
found on computers and networks
• Many areas use digital forensics
Law Criminal Military
enforcement prosecutors intelligence
Information
Insurance
security
agencies
departments
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Software Theft
• Software theft occurs when
someone:
Steals software Intentionally
media erases programs
Illegally registers
Illegally copies a
and/or activates
program
a program
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Software Theft
• Many manufacturers incorporate an
activation process into their programs
to ensure the software is not installed
on more computers than legally
licensed
• During the product activation, which
is conducted either online or by
phone, users provide the software
product’s identification number to
associate the software with the
computer or mobile device on which
the software is installed
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Software Theft
• A license agreement is the right to use
software
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Figure 5-13 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
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Information Theft
• Information theft occurs when
someone steals personal or
confidential information
• Encryption is a process of converting
data that is readable by humans into
encoded characters to prevent
unauthorized access
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Information Theft
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Figure 5-14 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
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Information Theft
• A digital signature is an encrypted code
that a person, website, or organization
attaches to an electronic message to verify
the identity of the message sender
– Often used to ensure that an impostor is not
participating in an Internet transaction
• A digital certificate is a notice that
guarantees a user or a website is legitimate
• A website that uses encryption techniques
to secure its data is known as a secure site
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Information Theft
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Figure 5-15 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
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Hardware Theft, Vandalism,
and Failure
Hardware theftis the
act of stealing digital
equipment
Hardware vandalismis
the act of defacing or
destroying digital
equipment
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Hardware Theft, Vandalism,
and Failure
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Figure 5-16 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
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Backing Up – The Ultimate
Safeguard
• A backup is a duplicate of a file,
program, or media that can be used
if the original is lost, damaged, or
destroyed
– To back up a file means to make a copy
of it
• Off-site backups are stored in a
location separate from the computer
or mobile device site
Cloud
Storage
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Backing Up – The Ultimate
Safeguard
• Categories of • Three-
backups: generation
– Full backup policy
– Differential
– Incremental Grandparent
– Selective
– Continuous data
protection
– Cloud Parent
Child
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Backing Up – The Ultimate
Safeguard
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Table 5-2 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
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Wireless Security
• Wireless access
poses additional
security risks
• Some perpetrators
connect to other’s
wireless networks
to gain free
Internet access or
confidential data
• Others connect to
a network through
an unsecured
wireless access
point (WAP) or
combination
router/WAP
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Figure 5-18 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
Ethics and Society
• Technology ethics
are the moral
guidelines that
govern the use of
computers, mobile
devices, information
systems, and related
technologies
• Information
accuracy is a
concern
– Not all information
on the Internet is
correct
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Figure 5-20 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
Ethics and Society
• Intellectual property refers to unique
and original works such as ideas,
inventions, art, writings, processes,
company and product names, and logos
• Intellectual property rights are the rights
to which creators are entitled to their
work
• A copyright protects any tangible form
of expression
• Digital rights management (DRM) is a
strategy designed to prevent illegal
distribution of movies, music, and other
digital content
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Ethics and Society
• A code of conduct is a written
guideline that helps determine
whether a specification is
ethical/unethical or allowed/not
allowed
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Figure 5-21 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
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Ethics and Society
• Green computing involves reducing
the electricity and environmental
waste while using computers,
mobile devices, and related
technologies
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Information Privacy
• Information privacy refers to the right
of individuals and companies to deny
or restrict the collection, use, and
dissemination of information about
them
• Huge databases store data online
• Websites often collect data about
you, so that they can customize
advertisements and send you
personalized email messages
• Some employers monitor your
computer usage and email messages
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Information Privacy
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Information Privacy
• Information
about you can be
stored in a
database when
you:
– Fill out a printed
or online form
– Create a profile
on an online
social network
– Register a
product warranty
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Figure 5-24 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
Information Privacy
• A cookie is a small text file that a web
server stores on your computer
• Websites use cookies for a variety of
reasons:
Store user
Allow for
names and/or
personalization
passwords
Assist with Track how
online often users visit
shopping a site
Target
advertisements
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Information Privacy
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Figure 5-25 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
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Information Privacy
• Phishing is a scam in which a
perpetrator sends an official looking
email message that attempts to
obtain your personal and/or
financial information
• With clickjacking, an object that can
be tapped or clicked on a website
contains a malicious program
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Information Privacy
• Spyware is a program placed on a
computer or mobile device without
the user’s knowledge that secretly
collects information about the user
and then communicates the
information it collects to some
outside source while the user is
online
• Adware is a program that displays an
online advertisement in a banner or
pop-up window on webpages, email
messages, or other Internet services
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Information Privacy
• Social engineering is defined as
gaining unauthorized access to or
obtaining confidential information
by taking advantage of the trusting
human nature of some victims and
the naivety of others
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Information Privacy
• The concern about privacy has led to
the enactment of federal and state
laws regarding the storage and
disclosure of personal data
– See Table 5-3 on page 246 for a listing
of major U.S. government laws
concerning privacy
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Information Privacy
Employee monitoringinvolves the use of
computers, mobile devices, or cameras to
observe, record, and review an employee’s use
of a technology, including communications such
as email messages, keyboard activity (used to
measure productivity), and websites visited
Many programs exist that easily allow
employers to monitor employees. Further, it is
legal for employers to use these programs
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Information Privacy
• Content filtering
is the process of
restricting access
to certain
material
– Many businesses
use content
filtering
• Web filtering
software restricts
access to
specified
websites
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Figure 5-26 to a publicly accessible website, in whole
Summary
Variety of digital security risks Cybercrime and cybercriminals
Risks and safeguards associated
with Internet and network
Various backup strategies and
attacks, unauthorized access and
methods of securing wireless
use, software theft, information
communications
theft, and hardware theft,
vandalism, and failure
Ethical issues in society and
various ways to protect the
privacy of personal information
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Discovering Computers
2016
Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of
Technology
Chapter 5
Digital
Security,
Ethics, and
Privacy
Chapter 5 Complete
