BASIC OF ENDOCRINE
Dr. Anis Irmawati, drg., MKes
Physiology II
Dental Medicine Faculty
Universitas Airlangga
February 13, 2018
Definition
The science that study about :
gland, their secretion (hormone, chemical substance),
and their effects on cell or organ of the body system.
Regulation of body system :
1. Neuronal
2. Hormone
Communication system of cell
1. Neural
2. Endocrine
3. Neuroendocrine
4. Paracrine
5. Autocrine
6. Pheromone
Type of gland based on ductus
1. Exocrine gland :
*cell secretes : sweat, ear wax, saliva, digestive enzyme
into free surface of epithelial layer
*connected to the surface by tube or ductus
*gland : unicellular or multicellular
2. Endocrine gland :
*cell secretes : hormone into blood stream
*hormone help mantain homeostasis
Type of hormone based on source substance
1. Peptide
2. Steroid
3. Amino acid derivate
These different
Transport of hormone in the blood
1. Water soluble
2. Lipid soluble
1. Water soluble
Hormone peptide and catecholamine
Dissolve in the plasma
Transported to target tissue by :
Diffuse out from cappilar to intersisial fluid and
ultimately in target tissue
2. Lipid soluble
Hormone steroid and thyroid
Not easy to diffuse into cappilar
10% : exist in solution
Mostly : binding with plasma protein
Bio inactivation of this hormone :
until separate from the plasma protein
Binding hormone dg plasma protein :
causes slow the clearance hormone from plasma
Onset and duration of action of hormone
• Epinephrine n norepinephrine :
*secreted several second after stimulus to gland
*active several second – minute after secretion
• Thyroxine n GH :
need several month to give fully effect
Concentration of hormone that needed to control metabolic
function n endocrine :
very a little, 1 picogram
Remember
• Hormones should not be present in plasma for a long time
• Must be clearance from plasma
• Level of hormone depend on :
1. rate secretion of hormone
2. rate removal of hormone in the blood
Hormone clearance from plasma by :
1. Metabolic destruction by tissue (enzymatic process)
2. Excretion to bile (by liver)
3. Excretion to urine (by renal)
Remember
How to measure clearance rate : a/b
1. calculate rate of dissappear hormone from plasma every
minute (a)
2. hormone concentration every mililiter plasma (b)
• Normal, half life of hormone :
*adrenal steroid : 20 -100 minutes
*thyroid : 1 – 6 days
Synthesis of peptida hormone
1. Peptide
2. Steroid
3. Amino acid derivate
Hormone synthesis : polipeptide
Synthesized in the rough RE, as larger protein (pre
prohormone = inactive) split into smaller form (pro
hormone) transferred to Golgi app(packaging into
secretory vesicle) : enzyme cleave prohormone into
smaller size (active hormone and inactve fragment)
Vesicle stored in the cytoplasm, a part of them binding to
plasma membrane
Stimulus cytoplasm Ca2+ level depolarization of
plasma membrane secretory vesicle fuse to plasma
membrane exocytosis (secretion) hormone
Hormone synthesis : steroid
Synthesized from cholesterol plasma, but not storage
Chemical structure steroid hormone = cholesterol
Consist of : 3 cyclohexyl rings + 1 cyclopenthyl ring
Large storage : cholesterol ester in the cytoplasm vacuola
Stimulus fast mobilization of cholesterol ester to
synthesis steroid hormone
Steroid hormone : highly lipid soluble once synthesis
diffuse pass plasma membrane cell enter into
intersisial fluid into blood stream
Hormone synthesis : amina
Derivate thyrosine
2 groups hormone derivate thyrosine :
1. thyroid
2. hormone from medulla adrenal
Thyroid hormone :
Synthesized in the thyroid gland associate into macro
molecule protein thyroglobulin stored in the follicle of
thyroid gland
Stimulus amina separate from thyroglobulin free
hormone (amina) release into blood stream in the
blood plasma : amina combine with plasma protein
thyroxine binding globulin released slowly to target
tissue
To action : need receptors
Stimulate
Gland secrete hormone
Hormone + receptor
Change the cell character
Cell response
How mechanism of action of hormone
Depend on :
Type of hormone
Peptide
Steroid
Amino acid derivate
Negative feedback mechanism
o Goal : avoid overactivity hormone
o Stimulus hormone secretion hormone reach
target tissue activity of target tissue after
several time hormone secretion inhibited
o Control : by degree of tissue activity, not rate secretion
o Tissue activity feedback (signal to gland to
slower : synthesis or secretion hormone
Positive feedback mechanism
o Biologic activity of hormone :
can cause additional hormone secretion :
positive feedback
o LH secretion stimulate additional secretion of
estrogen stimulate secretion of LH
How to measure hormone level in the blood
Method
Radioimmunoassay (radio immuno assay)
Procedure to measure hormone level in the blood
1. Synthesize antibody that sensitive and specific
for that hormone
2. Mixture this antibody with animal fluid
that contain that hormone
3. Mixture the solution no.2 simultaneous
with standart hormone that have been tagged
with radioactive isotop
Procedure to measure hormone level in the blood
4. After binding hormone + receptor reach equilibrium :
complex antibody-hormone separate from remnat solution
level hormon radioactive in the solution measure :
by radioactive counting tehnique
When the amount radioactive hormone that bind with antibody
much :
means amount of natural hormone that binding antibody less
means level of natural hormone in the test solution little
ALHAMDULILLAH
