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SQL Tutorial

The document discusses various SQL constraints that can be applied to database tables and columns. It explains that constraints are used to limit and define the type of data that can be stored. Common constraints include NOT NULL, DEFAULT, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK, and INDEX. Examples are provided for how to add these constraints to columns when creating or altering tables. The document also provides the SQL syntax for dropping constraint definitions.

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SQL Tutorial

The document discusses various SQL constraints that can be applied to database tables and columns. It explains that constraints are used to limit and define the type of data that can be stored. Common constraints include NOT NULL, DEFAULT, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK, and INDEX. Examples are provided for how to add these constraints to columns when creating or altering tables. The document also provides the SQL syntax for dropping constraint definitions.

Uploaded by

Anonymous JyKTRhdG
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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SQL TUTORIAL

IN RDMS
SQL Constraints:
• Constraints are the rules enforced on data
columns on table.
• These are used to limit the type of data that
can go into a table.
• This ensures the accuracy and reliability of the
data in the database.
Constraints could be:
• column level or table level.
• Column level constraints are applied only to
one column, whereas
• table level constraints are applied to the
whole table.
commonly used constraints:
• commonly used constraints available in SQL:
NOT NULL Constraint: Ensures that a column
cannot have NULL value.
 DEFAULT Constraint: Provides a default value for
a column when none is specified.
 UNIQUE Constraint: Ensures that all values in a
column are different.
commonly used constraints:
PRIMARY Key: Uniquely identified each
rows/records in a database table.
 FOREIGN Key: Uniquely identified a rows/records
in any another database table.
 CHECK Constraint: The CHECK constraint ensures
that all values in a column satisfy certain
conditions.
 INDEX: Use to create and retrieve data from the
database very quickly.
NOT NULL Constraint:
• By default, a column can hold NULL values.
• If you do not want a column to have a NULL
value, then you need to define such constraint
on this column specifying that NULL is now
not allowed for that column.
• A NULL is not the same as no data, rather, it
represents unknown data.
EXAMPLES:
• For example, the following SQL creates a new
table called CUSTOMERS and adds five
columns, three of which, ID and NAME and
AGE, specify not to accept NULLs:
EXAMPLES:
• CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
EXAMPLES:
• If CUSTOMERS table has already been created,
then to add a NOT NULL constraint to SALARY
column in Oracle
and MySQL, you would write a statement
similar to the following:
• But in SQL we can add by using drop
command
Cont…
• ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
MODIFY SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) NOT NULL;
•
DEFAULT Constraint:
• The DEFAULT constraint provides a default
value to a column when the INSERT INTO
statement does not provide
a specific value.
Example:
• For example, the following SQL creates a new
table called CUSTOMERS and adds five
columns. Here, SALARY
column is set to 5000.00 by default, so in case
INSERT INTO statement does not provide a
value for this column.
then by default this column would be set to
5000.00.
Example:
• CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT 5000.00,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
EXAMPLES:
• If CUSTOMERS table has already been created,
then to add a DFAULT constraint to SALARY
column, you would
write a statement similar to the following:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS


MODIFY SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT
5000.00;
Drop Default Constraint:
• To drop a DEFAULT constraint, use the
following SQL:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
ALTER COLUMN SALARY DROP DEFAULT
UNIQUE CONSTRAINTS:
• The UNIQUE Constraint prevents two records
from having identical values in a particular
column. In the
CUSTOMERS table, for example, you might
want to prevent two or more people from
having identical age.
Example:
•
For example, the following SQL creates a new
table called CUSTOMERS and adds five
columns. Here, AGE column is set to UNIQUE,
so that you can not have two records with
same age:
EXAMPLES:
• CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
EXAMPLES:
• If CUSTOMERS table has already been created,
then to add a UNIQUE constraint to AGE
column, you would write
a statement similar to the following:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
MODIFY AGE INT NOT NULL UNIQUE;
EXAMPLES:
• You can also use following syntax, which
supports naming the constraint in multiple
columns as well:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
ADD CONSTRAINT myUniqueConstraint
UNIQUE(AGE, SALARY);
DROP a UNIQUE Constraint:
•
To drop a UNIQUE constraint, use the
following SQL:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
DROP CONSTRAINT myUniqueConstraint;
If you are using MySQL, then you can use the
following syntax:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
DROP INDEX myUniqueConstraint;

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