Network

• Connectivity and Communication

• Intranet
• Extranet
• Internet
Use internet to refer to the worldwide collection of networks that use open protocols such as TCP/IP to
communicate with one another.

Use intranet to refer to a communications network based on web technology but that's available only
to certain people, such as the employees of a company.

Use extranet to refer to an extension of an intranet that uses internet protocols to give authorized
outside users limited access to the intranet.
OSI Reference Model

• Provides interoperability between the devices of different

Vendors.

• Application Layer
• Presentation Layer
• Session Layer
• Transport Layer
• Network layer
• Data Link Layer
• Physical Layer
IP Addressing
IP Addresses

• Structure of an IP address
• Subnetting
• CIDR
• IP Version 6 addresses
IP Addresses

32 bits
version header Type of Service/TOS Total Length (in bytes)
(4 bits) length (8 bits) (16 bits)
flags
Identification (16 bits) Fragment Offset (13 bits)
(3 bits)
TTL Time-to-Live Protocol
Header Checksum (16 bits)
(8 bits) (8 bits)

Source IP address (32 bits)

Destination IP address (32 bits)

What is an IP Address?

• An IP address is a unique global address for a network

interface

• An IP address:
- is a 32 bit long identifier
- encodes a network number (network prefix)
and a host number
Dotted Decimal Notation

• IP addresses are written in a so-called dotted decimal

notation
• Each byte is identified by a decimal number in the range
[0..255]:

• Example:
10000000 10001111 10001001 10010000
1st Byte 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte
= 128 = 143 = 137 = 144

128.143.137.144
Network prefix and Host number

• The network prefix identifies a network and the host number

identifies a specific host (actually, interface on the network).

network prefix host number

• How do we know how long the network prefix is?

– The network prefix used to be implicitly defined (class-
based addressing, A,B,C,D…)
– The network prefix now is flexible and is indicated by a
prefix/netmask (classless).
Example

Example: argon.cs.virginia.edu
•IP address is 128.143.137.144
– Is that enough info to route datagram??? -> No, need netmask or
prefix at every IP device (host and router)
•Using Prefix notation IP address is: 128.143.137.144/16
– Network prefix is 16 bits long

•Network mask is: 255.255.0.0 or hex format: ffff0000

-----> Network id (IP address AND Netmask) is: 128.143.0.0
-----> Host number (IP address AND inverse of Netmask) is: 137.144

128.143 137.144
Subnetting

• Problem: Organizations
have multiple networks
University Network
which are independently
managed Engineering Medical
– Solution 1: Allocate an School School
address for each network
• Difficult to manage
• From the outside of the Library
organization, each
network must be
addressable ie have an
identifiable address.
– Solution 2: Add another
level of hierarchy to the
IP addressing structure Subnetting
Basic Idea of Subnetting

• Split the host number portion of an IP address into a

subnet number and a (smaller) host number.
• Result is a 3-layer hierarchy

network prefix host number

network prefix subnet number host number

extended network prefix

• Then:
• Subnets can be freely assigned within the organization
• Internally, subnets are treated as separate networks
• Subnet structure is not visible outside the organization
Example of a Subnetting Plan

Subnet 128.49.0.12/24
Internet
Subnet 1
34=00100010

Subnet 128.49.1.34/25
Subnet 3
Router
R
Subnet 128.49.1.132/25
Subnet 4 132=10100100
Subnetwork: 128.49.1.0/24
Subnet 2
Subnet 128.49.3.72/24
2 bytes available for subnetting

IP Network: 128.49.0.0/16
Advantages of Subnetting

• With subnetting, IP addresses use a 3-layer hierarchy:

» Network
» Subnet
» Host
• Improves efficiency of IP addresses by not consuming an
entire address space for each physical network.
• Reduces router complexity. Since external routers do not
know about subnetting, the complexity of routing tables at
external routers is reduced.

• Note: Length of the subnet mask need not be identical at all

subnetworks.
Subnetting Example:
Network without subnets

128.143.0.0/16
Same Network with Subnets
Same network with different subnetmasks

128.143.137.0
Subnet
Subnetting Example

• An organization with 4 departements has the following IP

address space: 10.2.22.0/23. As the systems manager, you
are required to create subnets to accommodate the IT needs
of 4 departments. The subnets have to support to 200, 61, 55,
and 41 hosts respectively. What are the 4 subnet network
numbers?

• Solution:
– 10.2.22.0/24 (256 addresses > 200)
– 10.2.23.0/26 (64 addresses >61)
– 10.2.23.64/26 (64 addresses > 55)
– 10.2.23.128/26 (64 addresses > 41)