Gas & Its Law

Gas
 Gases are composed of particles that are
moving around very fast in their
container(s).
 These particles moves in straight lines until
they collides with either the container wall
or another particle, then they bounce off.
 there is a lot of empty space separated the
particles
Properties of Gas

• Gases have a small mass but can take a large

volume. (Low Density)
• Gases can be squeezed together.(Compressibility)
• Gases fill their containers. (Expansion)
• Gases diffuse. (Diffusion & Effusion)
• Gases flow easily and without resistance throughout
their container. (Fluidity)
Gases have mass.
 Gases are squeezable

If you squeeze any gas, its volume can be

reduced considerably

Gases have a low density

which allows for a lot
of empty space between
gas molecules.
 Gases fill their containers
Gases expand until they take up as
much room as they possibly can.
Gases spread out to
fill containers until
the concentration of
gases is uniform
throughout the entire
space.
This is why that no-
where around you is
there an absence of air.
 Gases diffuse

Gases can move through each other

rapidly.
The movement of one substance
through another is called diffusion.
Because of all of the empty space
between gas molecules, another gas
molecule can pass between them
until each gas is spread out over the
entire container, the gases mix
uniformly.
 Gases flow past other gases
If a close container
of hot food is
opened, you would
soon be able to
smell it in the back.

The popcorn smell

easily diffuses
throughout the other
gas molecules in the
room.
 Diffusion & Effusion
When gas molecules randomly move about
a room  diffusion.
When gas molecules pass through a tiny
opening into a vacuum  effusion.

Some gases diffuse more rapidly

then other gases based on
their size and their energy.
The heavier and colder the gas
the slower it moves.
 Physical Characteristics of Gases

Physical Characteristics Typical Units

Volume, V liters (L)

Pressure, P atmosphere
(1 atm = 1.015x105 N/m2)
Temperature, T Kelvin (K)

Number of atoms or mole (1 mol = 6.022x1023

molecules, n atoms or molecules)
 Gas Pressure
 Just as a ball exerts a force when it
bounces against a wall, a gaseous
atom or molecule exerts a force when it
collides with a surface.
 The result of many of these molecular
collisions is pressure.
 Pressure is the force exerted per unit
area by gas molecules as they strike the
surfaces around them.
Gas Pressure
Gas pressure is a result of the constant
movement of the gas molecules and their
collisions with the surfaces around them.

The pressure of a gas depends on several

factors:
 Number of gas particles in a given volume
(concentration)
 Volume of the container
 Average speed of the gas particles
 Gas Pressure
 As volume increases, concentration of gas molecules
decreases (number of molecules does not change, but since
the volume increases, the concentration goes down).
 This in turn results in fewer molecular collisions, which
results in lower pressure.
 The fewer the gas particles, the lower the force per unit area
and the lower the pressure.
 A low density of gas particles results in low pressure. A
high density of gas particles results in high pressure.
Volume

The volume of a gas depends on

1. The pressure of the gas
2. The temperature of the gas
3. The number of moles of the gas

The volume of a gas is expressed in mL and L

Temperature

Temperature of the gas is related

to the KE of the molecule
The velocity of gas particles
increases as the temp. increases
When working problems, temperature is expressed
in Kelvin not Celcius
Amount of Gas

 Gases are usually measured in grams

 Gas law calculations require that the quantity of a
gas is expressed in moles
 Molesof a gas represents the number of particles
of a gas that are present

When working gas law problems,

convert mass (in grams) to moles
The Simple Gas Laws
 There are four basic properties of a gas:
pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and
amount in moles (n).
 These properties are interrelated—when one
changes, it affects the others.
 The simple gas laws describe the relationships
between pairs of these properties.
 Boyle’s Law
 Charles’s Law
 Avogadro’s Law
Boyle’s Law
Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to
its volume.
 Constant T and amount of gas
 T & the amount of gas (n) are held constant

As P increases, V decreases by the same

factor.
P × V = constant
P1 × V1 = P2 × V2
Molecular Interpretation of
Boyle’s Law

As the volume of a gas sample is decreased, gas molecules collide

with surrounding surfaces more frequently, resulting in greater
pressure.
Charles’s Law: Volume and
Temperature
 The volume of a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure
increases linearly with increasing temperature in kelvins:
 The volume of a gas increases with increasing
temperature.
 Kelvin T = Celsius T + 273
 V = constant × T
(if T measured in Kelvin)
 Charles’s Law

If the lines are extrapolated

back to a volume of “0,”
they all show the same
temperature, −273.15 °C =
0 K, called absolute zero

The extrapolated lines cannot be measured experimentally because all

gases condense into liquids before –273.15 °C is reached.
Charles’s Law – A Molecular View
When T increase:
-increase speed of
molecules
-increase force with
which they hit the walls

If V can change:
Force stretches out its
container until it ends up
with the same P it had
before, just a larger V

If we move a balloon from an ice water bath to a boiling water bath,

its volume expands as the gas particles within the balloon move
faster (due to the increased temperature) and collectively occupy
more space.
Charles’s Law – A Molecular View

 When the temperature of a gas sample increases,

the gas particles move faster.
 Collisions with the walls are more frequent.
 The force exerted with each collision is greater.

 The only way for the pressure (the force per unit
area) to remain constant is for the gas to occupy a
larger volume so that collisions become less
frequent and occur over a larger area.
Gay-Lussac
 discovered the relationship between gas
pressure and temperature of a gas
The pressure of a sample of gas, at a constant
volume, is directly proportional to its
temperature (K)

 As long as V and n are constant

 as the temperature increases, the speed of the
gas molecules increases

PT
Temperature and Pressure
 By KM theory, as the
temperature increases, the
speed of the gas molecules
increases
 Increase in the number of
collisions the molecules have
with the container wall
 Thus, an increase in P P1 P2
P
k T  T
T 1 2
Vapor pressure and Boiling Point
 If a glass of water is left out in a room it will eventually
evaporate
 Liquids are constantly evaporating
 Molecules at the surface of the liquid will break away
from the liquid and enter into the gas phase
 But in a closed container the molecules cannot escape
to the atmosphere
Vapor pressure and Boiling Point
 At a certain point molecules will continue to evaporate and at the same
rate molecules will return to the liquid
 At equilibrium the rates of vaporization and condensation are equal
Liquid to Gas = Gas to Liquid
 Vapor Pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its vapor at equilibrium
 The vapor pressure of a liquid will increase with increase in temperature
 The normal boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor
pressure equals the atmospheric pressure
 An increase in altitude will lower the atmospheric pressure so liquids will boil
at a lower temperature
The Combined Gas Law

 Anexpression which combines Boyle’s,

Charles’s, and Gay-Lussac’s Law
P1V1 P2V2

T1 T2

 Applies to all gases and mixtures of gases

 If five of the six variables are known, the sixth
can be calculated
 Avogadro’s Law
 Volume directly proportional to the number of gas
molecules
 V = constant × n
 Constant P and T
 More gas molecules = larger volume
 More molecules push on each other and the walls,
stretching the container and making it larger until
the pressure is the saem as before
 Count number of gas molecules by moles.
 Equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of
molecules.
Avogadro’s Law

When the amount of

gas in a sample
increases at constant
temperature and
pressure, its volume
increases in direct
proportion because
the greater number
of gas particles fill
more space.
The volume of a gas sample increases linearly with the number of
moles of gas in the sample.
STP and Molar Volume
 Gas volumes can only be compared at the same T and P
 The universally accepted conditions are T = 0 °C and P = 1.00 atm

Standard Temperature and Pressure = STP

Standard Temperature = 0 °C (273 K)
and Standard Pressure = 1.00 atm (760 mmHg)

 The volume of one mole of gas at STP is 22.4 L,

 Known as the standard molar volume

1 mol gas 22.4 L


22.4 L 1 mol gas
Density of a Gas at STP

At the same T and P, one mole of any gas will occupy the same volume

 At STP, the density of a gas depends on its molar mass

 The higher the molar mass, the greater the density
 CO2 has a higher molar mass than N2 and O2, so it is more dense
than air
 CO2 released from a fire extinguisher will cover the fire and
prevent O2 from reaching the combustible material
 Helium is less dense than air so a balloon filled with helium rises in
the air
 Ideal Gas Law
 Describes the relationship among 4
variables: P, T, V, n (moles)

 IDEAL GAS:
 V of the molecules is insignificant when
compared to the V of container
 All collision are elastic
 No force of attraction exist between the
molecules
Ideal Gas Law
 R is called the gas constant.
 The value of R depends on the units of P and V.
 We will use and convert P to atm and V to liters.

 The ideal gas law allows us to find one of the

variables if we know the other three.
R = gas constant
Using the Ideal Gas Law

Grams A Grams B

Moles A Moles B

pV=nRT

PA or VA PB or VB
Using the Combined Gas Law
 Allows to calculate a change in one of the
three variables (P, V, T) caused by a change in
both of the other two variables:
1) Determine the initial values
2) Determine the final values
3) Set two equations equal to one another, one for initial
values, one for final values
4) Solve for the unknown variable

P1V1 P2 V2 P1V1T2
  T1
T1 T2 P2 V2
Example 1
A balloon is filled with 1300 mol of H2. If
the temperature of the gas is 23 °C and
the pressure is 750 mm Hg, what is the
volume of the balloon?

1300 mol H2

23 °C

750 mm Hg

V=?
Ideal Gas Law Example 1

p  750 torr 1 atm

760 torr
 0.987 atm
n = 1300 mol
nRT
T = 23 + 273 = 296 K V
L•atm
p
R = 0.082 mol•K
V=? L•atm )(296 K)
(1300 mol)(0.082 mol•K
V
(0.987 atm)
 V  31, 969.2 L
Example 2-Determining the Molar Mass of a Gas

A 0.105 g sample of gaseous compound has

a pressure of 561 mm Hg in a volume of 125
mL at 23.0 °C. What is its molar mass?
Example 2

p  561torr 1atm
760torr  0.738 atm
T  23  273  296 K
V  125 mL  0.125 L
g  0.105 g
Example 2

pV (0.778 atm)(0.125 L)
n n
RT (0.082 mol•K
L•atm
)(296 K)
3
n  4.004x10 mol

 g 0.105 g
MW   3
mol 4.004x10 mol

MW  26.26 g/mol
Example 3
 Gaseous ammonia is synthesized by the
following reaction.
N2 (g)  3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)
 Suppose you take 355 L of H2 gas at 25.0 °C
and 542 mm Hg and combine it with excess
N2 gas. What quantity of NH3 gas, in moles,
is produced? If this amount of NH3 gas is
stored in a 125 L tank at 25 °C, what is the
pressure of the gas?
Example 3

H Excess N2

355 L Part 1: Mol = ?

Part 2: Pressure = ?
25.0 °C
542 mm Hg

NH3 125 L

25.0 °C
Ideal Gas Law Example 3
1) Find the moles of hydrogen using ideal gas law

N2 (g)  3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)

p  542 torr 760
1 atm  0.713 atm
torr

V  355 L pV
n
T  25  273  298 K RT
n?
(0.713 atm)(355 L)
n L•atm
(0.0802 mol•K (298 K) n  10.59 mol H2
Example 3
2) Determine the moles of ammonia produced using the
mole-mole factor in the balanced equation
N2 (g)  3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)
3 moles H2 = 2 moles NH3

2 mol NH 3 3 mol H 2
and
3 mol H 2 2 mol NH 3

Now, combine steps 1 and 2 to calculate moles

10.59 mol H 2 2 mol NH 3

 7.06 mol NH 3
3 mol H 2
Example 3
3) Calculate the pressure of the ammonia gas

N2 (g)  3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)

T  25  273  298 K
n  7.06 mol nRT
p
V  125 L V
p?
(7.06 mol)(0.082)(298 K)
p p  1.38 atm
(125 L)